Abstract
In this study, to understand the effects of paramagnetic impurities, we investigated the temperature dependent of the spin-lattice relaxation times of pure LiNbO3, LiNbO3:Mg, LiNbO3:Mg/Ti, LiNbO3:Mg/Fe, and LiNbO3:Mg/Fe (thermally treated at 500°C) single crystals. The results for the LiNbO3:Mg single crystals doped with Fe3+ or Ti3+ are discussed with respect to the site distribution and atomic mobility of Li and Nb. In addition, the effects of a thermal treatment on LiNbO3:Mg/Fe single crystals were examined based on the T1 analysis of 7Li and 93Nb. It was found that the presence of impurities in the crystals induced systematic changes of activation energies concerning atomic mobility.
Highlights
Single-crystal LiNbO3 is a ferroelectric material that does not occur naturally
The results for the LiNbO3:Mg single crystals doped with Fe3+ or Ti3+ are discussed with respect to the site distribution and atomic mobility of Li and Nb
The atomic-site distributions of the LiNbO3:Mg single crystals doped with Fe3+ or Ti3+ were examined based on the parameters of the 7Li and 93Nb nuclei
Summary
Pure LiNbO3 crystals, as well as LiNbO3 crystals Co-doped with Mg and other transition-metal ions, are very important for technological applications, such as acoustic wave transducers, acoustic delay lines, the optical storage of holograms, electro-optic modulation, optical rectification, second harmonic generation, Q-switches, and memory elements, because of their excellent electro-optic, nonlinear, and laser-host properties.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The addition of MgO to LiNbO3 can increase the resistance of the crystal against optical damage by two orders of magnitude.[10] This improved resistance was found to be due to the increase in photoconductivity.[11,12] Transition-metal and rare-earth dopant ions play important roles in most of the applications of LiNbO3. Pronounced changes in the electron paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) lines of Fe3+ have been observed with an X-band spectrometer when the Mg concentration was greater than 5%.30
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