Abstract
The resistance of Annona muricata roots to the nematode Meloidogyne javanica was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics in combination with principal component analysis (PCA). Metabolic changes in roots exposed and not exposed to the nematode were evaluated and compared. In addition, the presence of nematicidal compounds in the root extracts was investigated through in vitro assay against Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles. Plants exposed to nematodes showed significant changes in their metabolism after 24 h. Several resistance-related metabolites, including dopamine, xanthine and aromatic compounds, could be identified in the roots with the joint analysis of 1D/2D NMR and the loadings of PC3 (17.8%). A.muricata root chloroform extract, containing mainly acetogenins, has shown nematostatic activity against M. javanica, suggesting that a pre-formed defense mechanism can support the reported resistance. For the first time, metabolomic studies allowed to identify induced and pre-formed defense mechanisms and their related metabolites in Annona muricata.
Highlights
All the harvestable plants can be attacked by nematodes, whose presence in the soil may remain undetected due to their small size and the fact that visible symptoms are not always present in the infected plants
Some metabolites were identified by comparing the spectra with the appropriate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data from the literature.8,14-17 2D NMR techniques, such as 2D J-resolved, correlation spectroscopy (COSY) and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), were applied in order to provide additional information for the spectral interpretations as well as to confirm signal assignments
A metabolomic study associated with multivariate data analysis (PCA) allowed the screening for metabolic alterations in the A. muricata plant until after 24 h of exposure to the nematode M. javanica
Summary
All the harvestable plants can be attacked by nematodes, whose presence in the soil may remain undetected due to their small size and the fact that visible symptoms are not always present in the infected plants. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most common ones. They are responsible for economic losses in different crops, and the use of synthetic nematicides as a mean of control has been causing serious environmental damage. Since current nematode control methods present many disadvantages, such as difficulty of implementation in some areas and high cost, there is an increasing demand for new safe methods. The Annonaceae family comprises a group of tropical and subtropical fruit plants of economic importance in Brazil and in other regions of the world. More than 2,000 species are known for their highly commercial edible fruits, folk medicinal use, industrial and reforestation potential, as well as for their exotic plants.[4] Some Annonaceae, such as Annona coriacea
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