Abstract
Recent progress in large-scale sequencing, genomics, and rapid gene isolation techniques has accelerated the identification of race-specific resistance (R) genes and their corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes in wheat, barley, rye, and their wild relatives. Here, we describe the growing repertoire of identified R and Avr genes with special emphasis on novel R gene architectures, revealing that there is a large diversity of proteins encoded by race-specific resistance genes that extends beyond the canonical nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins. Immune receptors with unique domain architectures controlling race-specific resistance possibly reveal novel aspects on the biology of host–pathogen interactions. We conclude that the polyploid cereal genomes have a large evolutionary potential to generate diverse types of resistance genes.
Highlights
Genetic analysis of plant disease resistance against adapted pathogens has revealed two distinct, main forms of resistance in response to pathogen infection
We describe the growing repertoire of identified R and Avr genes with special emphasis on novel R gene architectures, revealing that there is a large diversity of proteins encoded by race-specific resistance genes that extends beyond the canonical nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins
Some of the genes underlying these quantitative trait loci may make major contributions to quantitative resistance (QR). This is the case for the wheat genes Lr67/Yr46 [3] and Lr34/Yr18/Pm38 [4] that provide partial, QR against leaf rust, stripe rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew or Fhb7 against Fusarium [5]
Summary
Genetic analysis of plant disease resistance against adapted pathogens has revealed two distinct, main forms of resistance in response to pathogen infection. Some of the genes underlying these quantitative trait loci may make major contributions to QR This is the case for the wheat genes Lr67/Yr46 [3] and Lr34/Yr18/Pm38 [4] that provide partial, QR against leaf rust, stripe rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew or Fhb against Fusarium [5]. We focus on recent progress in the molecular identification of race-specific resistance genes in wheat, barley, rye, and wild relatives. These genes include the canonical R genes encoding NLR proteins, and an increasing number of novel immune receptors with unique domain www.sciencedirect.com
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