Abstract
The immune response is operationally divided into the two arms of innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune response is characterized by the involvement of a large variety of cells and mechanisms that have three important characteristics: (1) they are based on the recognition of defined patterns present in molecules of microbial origin, (2) they utilize receptors that have been selected by co-evolution of host and pathogen and not those which undergo gene rearrangements and selection during the developmental phases of the organism, and (3) they are ready to become activated and thus offer immediate reaction to invading pathogens, representing important first lines of defense. The innate immune system has been commonly considered to lack the capacity for immunological memory. Mechanisms of adaptive immune response, on the other hand, rely on use of gene rearrangement of receptors that recognize unique epitopes on individual molecules and are positively selected during development as well as during the response by the best fit with recognized antigen. Immunological memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity. Both innate and adaptive immunity play important roles also in recognition of self-antigens and represent key players in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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