Nitrogenous Fertilizer Reduces Resistance but Enhances Tolerance to the Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice.

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe brown planthopper is a major rice pest in Asia that causes extensive damage where farmers apply large amounts of nitrogenous fertilizers. Over the last 50 years, host-plant resistance, i.e., a plant’s ability to deter planthoppers or reduce their survival and reproduction, has been the main focus of public research into planthopper management. However, there have been calls for increased attention to issues of rice tolerance against the planthopper, i.e., a plant’s ability to withstand attack and compensate for damage. We examined the interactions between planthoppers and 16 varieties of rice under varying levels of soil nitrogen. The varieties included susceptible, resistant and tolerant lines. We found that nitrogen generally increased planthopper fitness across the varieties; however, relative resistance was maintained in varieties with major resistance genes. Functional plant loss was found to be greatest in susceptible varieties after planthopper attack, and generally declined in resistant and tolerant varieties under increasing nitrogen levels. This increase in tolerance was most apparent among resistant and moderately resistant, large-sized, fast-growing varieties that were capable of overcoming relatively high weight and growth rate reductions.The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a key challenge to rice production in Asia. Outbreaks of planthoppers are associated with excessive fertilizer applications; consequently, we examined planthopper interactions with susceptible, tolerant and resistant varieties of rice under varying levels of soil nitrogen in a greenhouse experiment. We compared planthopper fitness (survival × reproduction) and plant tolerance (functional plant loss index) for 16 varieties at 0, 80 and 150 Kg added nitrogen ha−1. The planthoppers grew larger, developed more quickly and laid more eggs on susceptible varieties, compared with the resistant and tolerant varieties. Moreover, soil nitrogen generally increased planthopper fitness on resistant varieties, but relative resistance was maintained. Functional plant loss was highest among the susceptible varieties, but weight and growth rate reductions per mg of planthopper were often highest in the tolerant varieties. Tolerance was associated with large, fast-growing plants, with at least moderate resistance to the planthopper. Susceptibility was associated with a small size and/or an absence of resistance genes. Our results suggested that early-tillering rice plants can be both resistant and tolerant to the brown planthopper, but cannot be both susceptible and tolerant of planthoppers at high densities. This indicates that at least moderate resistance is required for tolerance against this herbivore. Furthermore, although dwarf varieties had a low tolerance of planthoppers, they could express resistance through functioning resistance genes.