Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly used as a pigment in paints, paper products, polymer compositions, and cosmetic products, and even as a food additive or drug coating material. In recent times, it has also been used in photovoltaic cells, semiconductors, biomedical devices, and air purification. In this paper, the potential application of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles modified by an electron beam for improving human breast cancer detection by Raman spectroscopy is presented. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a promising noninvasive analytical technique in cancer detection that enables us to retrieve a molecular signature of the biochemical composition of cancerous tissue. However, RS still has some challenges in signal detection, mainly related to strong concurrent background fluorescence from the analyzed tissue. The Raman signal scattering is several orders of magnitude smaller than the fluorescence intensity, and strong fluorescence masks a much weaker Raman signal. The Raman results demonstrate that the N-doped TiO2 electron beam-irradiated nanoparticles amplify the Raman scattering. The intrinsic properties of the adsorbed molecules from human breast tissue and the surface properties of the N-doped TiO2 electron beam-irradiated nanoparticles (the excited electron–hole pair at the surface) have a significant effect on the enhanced Raman signal intensity.
Highlights
Different spectroscopic techniques have been used to characterize human breast cancer tissue.Techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [1], infrared spectroscopy [2–4], and Raman spectroscopy [5–15] have been proven to be powerful methods in characterizing and understanding breast tissue
An optical method of Raman spectroscopy is presented in order to allow the detection of cancerous changes in the human breast using N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles modified by electron beam irradiation
Before we present the results of the Raman spectroscopy for infiltrating ductal carcinoma Before we present the results of the Raman spectroscopy for infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Summary
Different spectroscopic techniques have been used to characterize human breast cancer tissue. Techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [1], infrared spectroscopy [2–4], and Raman spectroscopy [5–15] have been proven to be powerful methods in characterizing and understanding breast tissue. An optical method of Raman spectroscopy is presented in order to allow the detection of cancerous changes in the human breast using N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles modified by electron beam irradiation. The advantages of the Raman technique are its high specificity and its versatility. It is a nondestructive method and requires, in general, only minimal or no sample preparation. Frozen biological specimens with thicknesses of as low as less than 10 μm can be analyzed
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