Abstract
Mitigation of toxic contaminants from wastewater is crucial to the safety and sustainability of the aquatic ecosystem and human health. There is a pressing need to find economical and efficient technologies for municipal, agricultural, aquacultural, and industrial wastewater treatment. Nitrogen-doped biochar, which is synthesized from waste biomass, is shown to exhibit good adsorptive performance towards harmful aqueous contaminants, including heavy metals and organic chemicals. Incorporating nitrogen into the biochar matrix changes the overall electronic structure of biochar, which favors the interaction of N-doped biochar with contaminants. In this review, we start the discussion with the preparation techniques and raw materials used for the production of N-doped biochar, along with its structural attributes. Next, the adsorption of heavy metals and organic pollutants on N-doped biochars is systematically discussed. The adsorption mechanisms of contaminant removal by N-doped biochar are also clearly explained. Further, mathematical analyses of adsorption, crucial to the quantification of adsorption, process design, and understanding of the mechanics of the process, are reviewed. Furthermore, the influence of environmental parameters on the adsorption process and the reusability of N-doped biochars are critically evaluated. Finally, future research trends for the design and development of application-specific preparation of N-doped biochars for wastewater treatment are suggested.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Water is an absolute necessity for humans and other living organisms
A specific explanation of this phenomenon was not provided, the authors indicated that the complex formation of metal ions with N-doped biochar combined with external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion through biochar micropores were responsible for the heavy metal adsorption (Guo et al 2020)
Yin et al studied the adsorption of Ni and 2,4DCP on N-doped biochar prepared with Trapa natans husks and shrimp or crab bran at various pH levels and reported that with increasing pH, the adsorption capacity decreased for 2,4-DCP, and increased for Ni (Yin et al 2019)
Summary
Recent research on adsorptive properties of nitrogendoped biochar are critically summarized. Adsorption and catalytic degradation of aqueous pollutants by nitrogen-doped biochars are discussed. Current knowledge gaps are identified, and recommendations for future research are proposed
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