Abstract
Nitrogen (N) in the agricultural production system influences many aspects of agroecosystems and several critical ecosystem services widely depend on the N availability in the soil. Cumulative changes in regional ecosystem services may lead to global environmental changes. Thus, the soil N status in agriculture is of critical importance to strategize its most efficient use. Nitrogen is also one of the most susceptible macronutrients to environmental loss, such as ammonia volatilization (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate leaching (NO3), etc. Any form of N losses from agricultural systems can be major limitations for crop production, soil sustainability, and environmental safeguard. There is a need to focus on mitigation strategies to minimize global N pollution and implement agricultural management practices that encourage regenerative and sustainable agriculture. In this review, we identified the avenues of N loss into the environment caused by current agronomic practices and discussed the potential practices that can be adapted to prevent this N loss in production agriculture. This review also explored the N status in agriculture during the COVID-19 pandemic and the existing knowledge gaps and questions that need to be addressed.
Highlights
Published: 23 February 2021The current global population of 7.8 billion is projected to reach over 9 billion by2050 [1]
Apart from reducing P loss to runoff [97], to facilitate enhanced nitrogen mineralization and to reduce the loss of NO3 in the soil, strategic cattle grazing in pastures along with overseeding of susceptible areas with annual grasses may offer a sustainable solution in livestock management as opposed to traditional grazing [72]
For the last five decades, scientists and agronomists have been studying the prospects of N fixation in cereal crops and there has been tremendous progress in areas like the expression of nitrogenase gene in eukaryotes and the nodule formation workflow in plants [128]
Summary
The current global population of 7.8 billion is projected to reach over 9 billion by. N fixation, ammonification, nitrification, N assimilation into microbial biomass pool, and denitrification [5] Both chemical N fertilizers and organic manure are often applied to soil in exceeding amounts for crop growth requirements lead to. 3 hasNO warming effect of N2O and the short-term cooling effect of NH3 and NOx both major consequences on global human and environmental health [12,13]. Additional complicain estimating N O arises from the nonlinear nature of N2 O emission in response to N tions in estimating N2O arises from the nonlinear nature of N2O emission in response to fertilizer application along with other soil and environmental controlling factors [14].
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