Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinsk. is a multiple function tree species distributed in subtropical areas, and its leaves have been used in medicine and nutraceutical foods in China. However, little information on the effects of nitrogen (N) forms and ratios on growth and secondary metabolite accumulation is available for C. paliurus. The impact of five NO3−/NH4+ ratios on biomass production, triterpenoid accumulation and related gene expression in C. paliurus seedlings was evaluated at the middle N nutrition supply. Significant differences in seedling growth, triterpenoid accumulation and relative gene expression were observed among the different NO3−/NH4+ ratio treatments. The highest triterpenoid content was achieved in a sole NO3− or NH4+ nutrition, while the mixed N nutrition with equal ratio of NO3− to NH4+ produced the highest biomass production in the seedlings. However, the highest triterpenoid accumulation was achieved at the treatment with the ratio of NO3−/NH4+ = 2.33. Therefore, the mixed N nutrition of NO3− and NH4+ was beneficial to the triterpenoid accumulation per plant. The relative expression of seven genes that are involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis were all up-regulated under the sole NH4+ or NO3− nutrition conditions, and significantly positive correlations between triterpenoid content and relative gene expression of key enzymes were detected in the leaves. Our results indicated that NO3− is the N nutrition preferred by C. paliurus, but the mixture of NO3− and NH4+ at an appropriate ratio would improve the leaf triterpenoid yield per area.
Highlights
As one of the important secondary metabolites in plants, triterpenoids allow plant to better adapt to the environment, such as their defence against natural enemies and plant communication [1], and have been confirmed to contain a variety of health-promoting effects in human beings, such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects [2,3,4]
Nitrogen form and ratio had a significant effect on biomass production of C. paliurus seedlings at all sampling times (p < 0.05) (Figure 2), while C. paliurus seedlings had died at 52 days after the treatment in T5
At the end of the experiment (90 days of treatment), total biomass production per seedling among the treatments was in the order of T3 > T2 > T4 > T1 treatment
Summary
As one of the important secondary metabolites in plants, triterpenoids allow plant to better adapt to the environment, such as their defence against natural enemies and plant communication [1], and have been confirmed to contain a variety of health-promoting effects in human beings, such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects [2,3,4]. Triterpenoids are synthesized by the isoprenoid pathway, which is composed of three synthetic stages: (1) 3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) are formed by mevalonate acid (MVA) or the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway [5]; (2) 2,3-oxidosqualene is formed by geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPS), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), squalene synthase (SQS) and squalene epoxidase (SE), which is subsequently cyclized to triterpenoid skeletons by 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (PDMO) catalyzes oxidation of triterpenoid skeletons to produce aglycones; (3) the aglycones are glycosylated to triterpenoid saponins by glycosyltransferase (GT) [6] (Figure 1). Forests 2020, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure.
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