Nitrogen fixation and diversity of benthic cyanobacterial mats on coral reefs in Cura\xe7ao

Hannah J Brocke,Dirk De Beer,Nicole Herz,Uwe John,Bastian Piltz,Katarzyna A Palinska,Maggy M Nugues,Joost Den Haan,Raeid M M Abed

doi:10.1007/s00338-018-1713-y

Abstract

Benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) have increased in abundance on coral reefs worldwide. However, their species diversity and role in nitrogen fixation are poorly understood. We assessed the cyanobacterial diversity of BCMs at four coral reef sites in Curaçao, Southern Caribbean. In addition, nitrogen fixation rates of six common mats were measured. Microscopic examinations showed 22 cyanobacterial species, all from the order Oscillatoriales. Species diversity was similar among sites despite differences in overall BCM abundance. Dominant mats were primarily composed of Hydrocoleum glutinosum, Oscillatoria bonnemaisonii or Lyngbya majuscula. However, some mats exhibited highly variable species composition despite consistent macroscopic appearance. 16S rRNA-based phylogeny revealed similar species as those identified by microscopy, with additional sequences of unicellular (Xenococcus and Chroococcidiopsis) and heterocystous (Rivularia and Calothrix) cyanobacteria. Vice versa, morphotypes of Tychonema, Schizothrix and Dichothrix were found by microscopy only. The detection of similar species at the same sites in a study conducted 40 years ago indicates that changes in environmental conditions over these years may have favored indigenous species to bloom, rather than facilitated the introduction and proliferation of invasive species. Nitrogen fixation rates of mats were 3–10 times higher in the light than in the dark. The highest areal nitrogen fixation rate (169.1 mg N m−2 d−1) was recorded in the cyanobacterial patch dominated by O. bonnemaisonii. A scale-up of nitrogen fixation at a site with 26% BCM cover at 7 m depth yielded an aerial rate of 13 mg N m−2 reef d−1, which exceeds rates reported in open ocean blooms of Trichodesmium in the Caribbean. Our results suggest that the Caribbean basin is not only a hotspot for planktonic nitrogen fixation, but also for benthic nitrogen fixation. Because BCMs fix vast amounts of nitrogen, their proliferation will strongly alter the nitrogen budget of coral reefs.

Highlights

Coral reefs are highly productive ecosystems despite being surrounded by nutrient-poor waters (Crossland et al 1991)
We studied two sites with high Benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) abundance, Pest Bay (PB) and Buoy 0 (BY), and two sites with low BCM abundance, Cap Malmeeuw (CM) and Spanish Waters (SW), all located along the south leeward coast (ESM Fig. 1)
The cyanobacterial mats of Curacao harbored a large variety of cyanobacterial species, as revealed by microscopy and molecular tools

Summary

Introduction

Coral reefs are highly productive ecosystems despite being surrounded by nutrient-poor waters (Crossland et al 1991). Cyanobacteria have been suggested to play a key role in the nitrogen cycle of coral reefs (Wiebe et al 1975; Hallock 2005; Charpy et al 2012). Future predictions suggest that BCMs will continue to increase in abundance, as they are favored by changes in environmental conditions associated with direct and indirect anthropogenic impacts (e.g., eutrophication and overfishing) and climate change (e.g., increase in water temperature) (Hallock 2005; Paerl and Paul 2012; Brocke et al 2015; Ford et al 2018). The impact of cyanobacterial mat proliferation on the reef’s nitrogen pool is virtually unknown

Methods

Results

Conclusion