Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Biochar Application Maintain the Yield and Nitrogen Supply of Rice but Improve the Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Abstract

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer will cause many adverse consequences in paddy fields, especially for the reduction in N use efficiency. Biochar can be used to replace part of N fertilizer for rice production. A field experiment of 2-year/four-season was conducted to investigate the effects of N fertilizer reduction combined with rice straw biochar application on rice yield, soil fertility, and N use efficiency. The experiment contained six treatments: No N application (CK), customary N application (N100), 20% N reduction (N80), 20% N reduction + biochar (N80+BC), 40% N reduction (N60), and 40% N reduction + biochar (N60+BC). Compared with N100, N reduction alone had no significant impact on the number of tillers and aboveground biomass of rice, exceptfor N60 which slightly reduced grain yield, while biochar incorporation tended to obtain higher tillers, aboveground biomass, and grain yield of rice compared with N reduction alone. The average contribution of biochar to grain yield on the basis of N80 and N60 were 5.8% and 7.7%, respectively. Notably, biochar incorporation further improved the agronomic N efficiency (54.5–309.4% over N100) and apparent N recovery (25.7–150.5% over N100) on the basis of N reduction. Furthermore, biochar application could not only maintain N nutrition level of rice, but also improve soil fertility mainly by increasing soil pH and organic matter. Therefore, integrated application of mineral N fertilizer and biochar is a feasible nutrient management measure to increase rice yield and soil fertility, and improve N use efficiency in paddy ecosystem.