Abstract
Nitrogen-doped graphene (NGr) was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using urea as a reducing and doping agent for graphene oxide (GO). The crystalline structure of GO was revealed by the XRD intense peak recorded at 2θ = 11.4°, indicating that the interlayer distance within the structure was large (d = 0.77 nm), and the number of layers (n) was 9. Further, the transformation of GO in NGr also led to the decrease in the interlayer distance and number of layers (d = 0.387 nm; n = 3). As indicated by elemental analysis, the concentration of nitrogen in the NGr sample was 6 wt%. Next, the comparison between the performance of bare GC and the graphene-modified electrode (NGr/GC) towards piroxicam (PIR) detection was studied. Significant differences were observed between the two electrodes. Hence, in the case of bare GC, the oxidation signal of PIR was very broad and appeared at a high potential (+0.7 V). In contrast, the signal recorded with the NGr/GC electrode was significantly higher (four times) and shifted towards lower potentials (+0.54 V), proving the electro-catalytic effect of nitrogen-doped graphene. The NGr/GC electrode was also tested for its ability to detect piroxicam in pharmaceutical drugs (Flamexin), giving excellent recoveries.
Highlights
Piroxicam or 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(pyrid-2-yl-carbamoyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine1,1-dioxide and piroxicam-β-cyclodextrin are oxicam derivative NSAIDs usually used as effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute pain in musculoskeletal disorders and acute gout [1]
Measurements were generally conducted in a three-electrode cell containing the working electrode (either glassy carbon (GC) or GC electrode modified with the graphene samples (NGr/GC; Thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO)/GC)); a large-area platinum foil (2 cm2 ), which served as the counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl electrode (3 M KCl) used as the reference electrode
In our previous paper [35], we showed that nitrogen-doped graphene synthesized by the hydrothermal method has larger amounts of pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N in comparison with graphitic-N
Summary
1,1-dioxide and piroxicam-β-cyclodextrin (piroxicam betadex) are oxicam derivative NSAIDs usually used as effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute pain in musculoskeletal disorders and acute gout [1]. Vineet [3] described the role of piroxicam in controlling fever in COVID-19 This anti-inflammatory drug is capable of controlling cytokine storm and rapidly improves oxygen saturation in over 90% of patients, and the effect of a single tablet lasts for over 24 h [4,5]. It does not have unwanted cardiovascular or central nervous effects. A considerable enhancement in the response of piroxicam on the surface of the modified electrode was described compared with the unmodified electrode
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