Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon materials have been gaining increasing interest as metal-free catalysts. In this article, the authors have briefly introduced their recent studies on the utilization of nitrogen-doped activated carbon (N-AC) for several organic synthesis reactions, which include base catalyzed reactions of Knoevenagel condensation and transesterification, aerobic oxidation of xanthene and alcohols, and transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, 3-nitrostyrene, styrene, and phenylacetylene with hydrazine. Doped-nitrogen species existed on the AC surface in different structures. For example, pyridine-type nitrogen species appear to be involved in the active sites for Knoevenagel condensation and for the oxidation of xanthene, while graphite-type nitrogen species appear to be involved for the oxidation of alcohols. Being different from these reactions, both surface nitrogen and oxygen species are involved in the active sites for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. N-AC was practically inactive for the transfer hydrogenation of vinyl and ethynyl groups, but it can catalyze those hydrogenation reactions assisted by co-existing nitrobenzene. Comparison of N-AC with conventional catalysts shows that N-AC can alternate with conventional solid base catalysts and supported metal catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation and oxidation reactions.
Highlights
Various catalysts are used in industry [1], in which suitable active components are selected and tailored into an effective catalyst for a target reaction under optimized conditions
With conventional catalysts shows that nitrogen-doped activated carbon (N-activated carbon (AC)) can alternate with conventional solid base catalysts and supported metal catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation and oxidation reactions
These observations strongly suggest that graphite-type nitrogen species contribute to the genesis of active sites on the surface of AC for the oxidation of the alcohols. This is contribute to the genesis of active sites on the surface of AC for the oxidation of the alcohols. This is in in accordance with the results reported by Long et al, who used nitrogen-doped graphene nanoaccordance with the results reported by Long et al, who used nitrogen-doped graphene nano-sheet sheet catalysts for the same benzyl alcohol alcohol (BAL) oxidation reaction [31]
Summary
Various catalysts are used in industry [1], in which suitable active components are selected and tailored into an effective catalyst for a target reaction under optimized conditions. Nitrogen-doped carbon and carbon nitride would be interesting functional materials Those modified carbon materials are prepared by different methods, including chemical vapor deposition, well-designed organic synthesis, and doping of nitrogen to parent bulk carbon materials (say, activated carbon). In addition to their effectiveness in electrochemical applications, those carbon-based materials will serve as metal-free catalysts in synthetic organic reactions. Thetoauthors will review those interesting results doped carbon materials as metal-free multifunctionalcarbon catalysts for several synthetic reactions. To demonstrate the applicability of nitrogen-doped materials as organic metal-free multifunctional catalysts for several organic synthetic reactions
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