Nitrogen Application Rate and the Concentration of Other Macronutrients in the Fruit and Leaves of Gold Kiwifruit

Abstract

ABSTRACT Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis ‘HORT16A’, marketed as ZESPRI™' ‘HORT16A’) is an important export crop for New Zealand. Nutrient management, including the application of nitrogen (N), for ‘HORT16A’ kiwifruit has mimicked strategies for the green (A. deliciosa ‘Hayward’) cultivar, however, physiological differences between Actinidia species necessitate the development of specific nutrient regimes for ‘HORT16A’ vines. In this trial, all nutrients, except N, were applied at levels comparable to commercial practice. The Control treatment received approximately 145 kg N ha/y, and was based on estimates of total N removed each year in the harvested fruit. The Zero-N treatment vines received all nutrients except N, and the High-N treatment received double the Control, approximately 295 kg N ha/y, for two consecutive seasons. The High-N treatment represents the upper limit of N application practices in commercial ‘HORT16A’ kiwifruit production. Zero-N fruit had higher calcium (Ca) and lower N concentration than High-N fruit in both seasons. Fruit potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were equivalent between these treatments in both seasons. Fruit phosphorus (P) concentration throughout the season was increased in the High-N treatment in both years. Fruit sizes were not different between treatments at final harvest in Year 1, being 130.5 ± 4.13 g, 125 ± 1.49 g, and 125 ± 3.29 g for the High, Control, and Zero-N vines, respectively. Larger fruit were harvested from the High-N vines (125 ± 4.69 g) in Year 2, than from either Control (113 ± 2.03 g) or Zero-N (118 ± 1.03 g) vines. Percent fruit dry matter (DM) content was higher in the Zero-N fruit (17.2 ± 0.06, 17.2 ± 0.06, and 16.8 ± 0.14 for Zero, Control, and High-N vines) at final harvest in Year 1. But values of fruit DM for all treatments were similar in Year 2 in spite of fruit size differences between treatments. Fruit DM for all treatments was slightly higher in Year 2 than in Year 1. Differences in fruit mineral concentration and fruit maturity at harvest may have contributed to increased incidence of low temperature breakdown (LTB) in the High-N fruit in Year 1. In Year 2, when fruit DM was higher in all treatments, yellow coloration was more developed. Total fruit N concentration was lower in Year 2 for all treatments than in Year 1, and LTB was minimal and not different between treatments. Leaves from Zero-N vines had reduced N in both years compared with Control and High-N vines. In contrast, leaf Ca and Mg concentrations were reduced in High N-vines, compared with values recorded in Zero-N vines in both seasons. Leaf K concentrations were comparable between treatments in both seasons. Leaf sulfur (S) concentration was reduced under the High-N treatment, and leaf P levels were increased under the High-N treatment in both years. These data demonstrate that N application influences the uptake and accumulation of other mineral elements in ‘HORT16A’ kiwifruit. In order to encourage desirable nutrient concentrations in both the fruit and leaves of ‘HORT16A’ kiwifruit, a reduction in N applied is suggested, and this would have little or no detrimental effect on vine performance over two seasons. Reduced N application will also reduce nitrate leaching which is estimated at 39 kg N ha/y under the Control treatment.