Abstract
High crop yields are generally associated with high nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates. A growing tendency that is urgently demanding the adoption of precision technologies that manage N more efficiently, combined with the advances of crop genetics to meet the needs of sustainable farm systems. Among the plant traits, stem architecture has been of paramount importance to enhance harvest index in the cereal crops. Nonetheless, the reduced stature also brought undesirable effect, such as poor N-uptake, which has led to the overuse of N fertilizer. Therefore, a better understanding of how N signals modulate the initial and late stages of stem development might uncover novel semi-dwarf alleles without pleiotropic effects. Our attempt here is to review the most recent advances on this topic.
Highlights
To secure steadily growing global demand for food, agronomic practices have increasingly spurred more nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs to agricultural lands, leading to economic competitiveness between smallholder farmers, and causing detrimental and pervasive impacts on the environment and climate (Cui et al, 2018; Kanter et al, 2019)
Optimization of N dosage through site-specific best management practices (BMPs) has been proposed as the sustainable agriculture flagship to prevent run-off, which accounts for 67% of applied N fertilizer for cereal production worldwide (Raun and Johnson, 1999)
Reflecting on the importance of auxin in controlling the formation of veins and their connections, recent work revealed the uniform expression of TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 (TIR1)/AUXINSIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) proteins in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (Prigge et al, 2020)
Summary
To secure steadily growing global demand for food, agronomic practices have increasingly spurred more nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs to agricultural lands, leading to economic competitiveness between smallholder farmers, and causing detrimental and pervasive impacts on the environment and climate (Cui et al, 2018; Kanter et al, 2019). In parallel with BMPs and precision agriculture, the attenuation or elimination of the necessity of high N input must be targeted in the modern cereal crops These high-yielding semi-dwarf varieties present an improved N utilization efficiency (i.e., grain yield per unit of N uptake) due to the direct response to fertilizer inputs without the effect of lodging, on the other hand, their N uptake efficiency (i.e., the capacity of the roots to acquire N from the soil) is negatively compromised by the dual-faceted impacts of gibberellin (GA) on plant height and N uptake (Li et al, 2018; Wu et al, 2020). A sophisticated interconnection network between the zones through metabolites, non-cell-autonomous proteins, and phytohormones controls the size of the meristem and the rate of shoot organogenesis, ensuring a robust, plastic developmental spectrum (Tian et al, 2019) This raises the question of whether there is a precise N-led signaling pathway, or it is the spreading of N to the zones of the SAM that modulates RZ activity and stem elongation. The miR396 acts downstream of DELLA, the negative regulator of GA responses, and upstream of GA-induced cell-cycle genes
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