Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition to Soil Improves Seed Yield, Foliar Stomatal Conductance, and the Photosynthetic Response of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Esmaeil Zangani,Eileen Mac Sweeney,Farid Shekari,Andrea Mastinu,Kamran Afsahi

doi:10.3390/agriculture11060483

Esmaeil Zangani, Eileen Mac Sweeney + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060483

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Journal: Agriculture	Publication Date: May 24, 2021
Citations: 45	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: University of Zanjan, University of Brescia

Abstract

The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on the physiological traits, yield, and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), were studied in a farm research project of Zanjan University. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 75, and 150 kg/ha) were considered. The results showed that an increase in nitrogen level caused an increase in the leaf chlorophyll content so that the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the chlorophyll content of the leaves until the mid-grain filling stage. Nitrogen application lowered leaf stomatal conductance in the early flowering stage whereas the stomatal conductance was increased during the late flowering stage. Nitrogen application (100 and 200 kg/ha) also increased the quantum yield of photosystem II. On the other hand, with the application of 150 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha of phosphorus, the leaf stomatal conductance and the quantum yield of photosystem II in the early flowering stage increased respectively. The results showed that the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen and 75 kg/ha of phosphorus significantly increased seed and oil yield compared to the control. In addition, the number of siliques per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds showed an increasing trend that was affected by nitrogen and phosphorus levels. This study demonstrated that nitrogen enhanced the chlorophyll content, leaf area, and consequently, the quantum yield of photosystem II. Nitrogen also augmented the seed filling duration, seed yield, and oil yield by increasing gas exchange. As a result, the application of 100 kg/ha of nitrogen together with 75 kg/ha phosphorus showed the greatest effect on the qualitative and quantitative yield of rapeseed. However, the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen alone or in combination with different levels of phosphorus did not significantly increase many of the studied traits.

Highlights

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in soils used for agronomy in many regions of Iran [1]
The results demonstrated that an increment in nitrogen level significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content (Figure 1)
The interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus revealed that applying 200 kg/ha of nitrogen significantly increased the leaf chlorophyll content, there was no significant difference compared to the application of 100 kg/ha N and 150 kg/ha P

Summary

Introduction

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in soils used for agronomy in many regions of Iran [1]. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and is a constituent of secondary metabolites and amino acids, which play an important role in all plant metabolic processes [2,3,4,5]. Phosphorus (P) is required for energy metabolism and as part of plant structural components [6,7,8], and is added to the soil as a fertilizer to increase seed production in many crops. The enrichment of the soil with nitrogen and phosphorus can contribute to increasing the nutritional value of plants for human and animal use [9,10,11]. Tabak and colleagues, investigating the effects of nitrogen on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of wheat, reported on the agronomic efficiency for doses of 200 and 250 kg N ha−1 and on the physiological efficiency for a dose of 200 kg N ha−1 [13]

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