Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp), due to its high biocompatibility, is widely used as biomaterial. Doping with various ions of hydroxyapatite is performed to acquire properties as close as possible to the biological apatite present in bones and teeth. In this research the results of a study performed on thin films of hydroxyapatite co-doped with nitrogen and bromine (NBrHAp) are presented for the first time. The NBrHAp suspension was obtained by performing the adapted co-precipitation method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The thin layers of NBrHAp were obtained by spin-coating. The stability of the NBrHAp suspension was examined by ultrasound measurements. The thin layers obtained by the spin-coating method were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), and metallographic microscopy (MM). The presence of nitrogen and bromine were highlighted by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to highlight the chemical status of nitrogen and bromine. In addition, the powder obtained from the NBrHAp suspension was analyzed by XRD. Moreover, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the NBrHAp suspensions and coatings was investigated using the reference microbial strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The results highlighted the successful obtainment of N and Br co-doped hydroxyapatite suspension for the first time by an adapted co-precipitation method. The obtained suspension was used to produce pure NBrHAp composite thin films with superior morphological properties. The NBrHAp suspensions and coatings exhibited in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains and revealed their good antimicrobial activity.
Highlights
The research of novel materials for biomedical applications is currently in accelerated development due to the growing demand for biomaterials with new and well-defined physico-chemical and biological properties
This study presents, for the first time, the fabrication and characterization of hydroxyapatite layers co-doped with nitrogen (N) and bromine (Br) ions obtained by the spin-coating method
The results suggested that antimicrobial activity ited a good antimicrobial effect towards the Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal microbial strains even after 24 h of incubation with the suspensions and coatings, as indicated by the colony forming units (CFU) values which were reduced significantly compared with the control culture (C+)
Summary
The research of novel materials for biomedical applications is currently in accelerated development due to the growing demand for biomaterials with new and well-defined physico-chemical and biological properties. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4 ) (OH) , HAp) is one of the most widely used biomaterials for various applications such as biomedical (implantology, bone filer, stomatology, drug delivery systems, etc.) [1,2] and industrial (water and soil remediation, fertilizer, catalysis, etc.) [3,4]. In the human body, the natural HAp structure can be found other chemical elements such as fluoride, magnesium, etc. Thanks to its special structure, synthetic HAp has a natural chemical affinity that allows it to be doped with different species of anion or cation either by substitution or interstitial [5]. The superior biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, bioactivity and osteogenicity of Hap makes it suitable for application in the medical field [1,2]. Many conventional routes (physical or chemical) have been reported for the synthesis of HAp nanoparticles, such as solid-state method [6], mechanochemical route [7], chemical precipitation [8], hydrothermal method [9], sol-gel route [10], pyrolysis method [11], etc
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