Abstract
As a momentous energetic group, a nitro group widely exists in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs), such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), etc. The nitro group has a significant effect on improving the oxygen balance and detonation performances of energetic materials (EMs). Moreover, the nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, and it can increase the acidity of the acidic hydrogen-containing nitrogen-rich energetic compounds to facilitate the construction of energetic ionic salts. Thus, it is possible to design nitro-nitrogen-rich energetic compounds with adjustable properties. In this paper, the nitration methods of azoles, including imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, and oxadiazole, as well as azines, including pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, and tetrazine, have been concluded. Furthermore, the prospect of the future development of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds has been stated, so as to provide references for researchers who are engaged in the synthesis of EMs.
Highlights
Nitrogen-rich compounds have attracted widespread attention in energetic materials (EMs) because of their advantages of outstanding density, excellent positive enthalpy of formation, remarkable detonation performance, and high thermal stability [1,2,3]
The prospect of the future development of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds has been stated, so as to provide references for researchers who are engaged in the synthesis of EMs
One of the most popular strategies for the design of promising new EMs is the incorporation of both fuel and oxidizer moieties into one molecule. [6,7] The nitro group is a pivotal explosive group, which exists in trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), cyclo-1,3,5-7-tetramethylene-2,4,6,8tetranitr-amine (HMX), and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), etc
Summary
Nitrogen-rich compounds have attracted widespread attention in energetic materials (EMs) because of their advantages of outstanding density, excellent positive enthalpy of formation, remarkable detonation performance, and high thermal stability [1,2,3]. They can be used in explosives, propellants, gas generators, and smokeless pyrotechnic fuels [4,5]. Specific compounds on the basis of the structural characteristics of compounds cording to the diversity of the nitration positions on these frameworks, this paper classi‐.
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