Nitric Oxide Modulates Spreading Depolarization Threshold in the Human and Rodent Cortex

Abstract

Recent clinical data have suggested that prolonged cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs) contribute to the pathogenesis of delayed ischemic neurologic deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Elevated extracellular potassium concentrations and lowered nitric oxide (NO) levels have been detected in experimental and clinical subarachnoid hemorrhage. We investigated whether a similar extracellular composition renders the brain more susceptible to CSDs. Electrophysiologic and blood flow changes were studied in vivo in rats. Intrinsic optical signals, alterations of NO level, and electrophysiologic changes were investigated in rodent and human brain slices. Elevation of subarachnoid extracellular potassium in rats in vivo triggered CSDs. Using NO-sensitive dyes, we found that CSDs induce NO synthesis in neurons and endothelial cells. When we blocked NO synthesis in vivo, CSDs occurred at a significantly lower threshold and propagated with a wave of ischemia. This increased susceptibility for CSDs by a low NO level was confirmed in rat and human neocortical slices and depended on P/Q-type calcium channels and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, but not on guanylate cyclase. Mice deficient in endothelial NO synthase, in contrast to mice deficient in neuronal NO synthase, had an inherently lower threshold. Basal NO production determined CSD threshold. The threshold effect depended predominantly on endothelial NO synthase. Reduced NO levels, as in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, may render the brain more susceptible to CSDs. Because CSDs have been linked to the pathogenesis of delayed ischemic neurologic deficits, raising its threshold by increasing NO availability may prove therapeutically beneficial in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.