Nitric oxide contributes to liver inflammation and parasitic burden control in Ascaris suum infection

Abstract

BackgroundHuman ascariasis is one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases worldwide. The immune response during human ascariasis is characterized by Th2 polarization and a mixed Th2/Th17 response during the pathogenesis of experimental larval ascariasis. Cytokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), are involved in helminthic infections. However, the role of NO in ascariasis remains unclear. ObjectivesGiven the importance of NO in inflammation, we aimed to determine the immunological and histopathological alterations in the livers of C57BL/6 iNOS−/- mice during A. suum infection. MethodsIn this study, parasitic load was evaluated in the livers of wild type C57BL/6 and C57BL/6 iNOS−/- mice infected with A. suum. Histopathological and morphometric analyses and analysis of serum cytokines via Cytometric Bead Array were performed, and the activity of eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase of neutrophils in the tissues were determined. ResultsThe results showed that NO is important for controlling parasitic load during infection by A. suum. C57BL/6iNOS−/- mice showed reduced inflammatory processes and less tissue damage during liver larval migration of A. suum, which is associated with a reduction in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. ConclusionsWe demonstrated that NO is a crucial inflammatory molecule during Ascaris sp. infection and controls the establishment of the parasite and the development of the host immune response in the liver.