Abstract
Nowadays, the relationship(s) about N assimilation and cell wall remodeling in plants remains generally unclear. Enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis/modification, and nitrogen transporters play a critical role in plant growth, differentiation, and response to external stimuli. In this review, a co-expression analysis of nitrate and ammonium transporters of Arabidopsis thaliana was performed in order to explore the functional connection of these proteins with cell-wall related enzymes. This approach highlighted a strict relationship between inorganic nitrogen transporters and cell wall formation, identifying a number of co-expressed remodeling enzymes. The enzymes involved in pectin and xyloglucan synthesis resulted particularly co-regulated together with nitrate carriers, suggesting a connection between nitrate assimilation and cell wall growth regulation. Major Facilitator Carriers, and one chloride channel, are similarly co-expressed with pectin lyase, pectinacetylesterase, and cellulose synthase. Contrarily, ammonium transporters show little or no connection with those genes involved in cell wall synthesis. Different aspects related to plant development, embryogenesis, and abiotic stress response will be discussed, given the importance in plant growth of cell wall synthesis and nitrate uptake. Intriguingly, the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crops concerns both these processes indicating the importance in sensing the environmental constraints and mediating a response. These evaluations could help to identify candidate genes for breeding purposes.
Highlights
Cell wall development and remodeling are crucial processes for plants
During the plants life there is an incessant assembly, disassembly, and re-arrangement of the cell wall (Marowa et al, 2016). These processes are critical for plant development and acclimation, because the cell wall loosening is a direct cause of cells expansion and plant growth (Fukuda, 2014)
Several cell wall related genes are co-expressed with nitrate and ammonium transporters (Table 1). It is worth noting the presence of a number of enzymes involved in cell wall loosening: during nitrogen assimilation, a disassembly of the cell wall could be necessary for an enhanced N uptake, allowing a correct cell and plant growth
Summary
Cell wall development and remodeling are crucial processes for plants. The molecular and biochemical modifications of cell wall play critical roles in various aspects of plant physiology such as, differentiation, senescence, abscission, plant–pathogen interactions, abiotic stress response, plant growth, and others (Marowa et al, 2016). Several cell wall related genes are co-expressed with nitrate and ammonium transporters (Table 1) It is worth noting the presence of a number of enzymes involved in cell wall loosening: during nitrogen assimilation, a disassembly of the cell wall could be necessary for an enhanced N uptake, allowing a correct cell and plant growth. Xyloglucans are the major hemicellulosic polymers of dicot plants, playing a critical role in cellulose fibrils connection Modification in their content is an important process regulating several physiological plant responses by the cell wall remodeling (Tenhaken, 2015; Marowa et al, 2016). Several types of expansins respond to different nutrient
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