Abstract
Inorganic and organic nitrates are present in vivo and in vitro. Inorganic nitrate is considered a pool of nitric oxide (NO), but it can be converted into nitrite and NO through various mechanisms. It plays an important role in the regulation of complex physiological and biochemical reactions, such as anti-inflammatory processes and the inhibition of platelet aggregation, which are closely related to the pathology and treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Ischemic cerebrovascular disease is characterized by high incidence, recurrence, and disability rates. Nitrate, nitrite, and NO were recently found to be involved in cerebrovascular disease. In this review, we describe the relationship between cerebrovascular disease and nitrate metabolism to provide a basis for further advances in laboratory and clinical medicine.
Highlights
Organic nitric esters such as nitroglycerin have been used widely in clinical and basic studies on ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [1]
It is formed by the reaction of Larginine with oxygen by endothelial cells, and it mediates vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle through the activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which is involved in many physiological processes
NOS2 and oxidative stress-related genes are upregulated in acute ischemic stroke. inducible NOS (iNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO) reacts with oxides actively produced by oxidative stress genes to generate nitrate, which destroys the intestinal barrier and causes Escherichia coli to play a proinflammatory role in the anaerobic intestinal environment, thereby aggravating inflammation [88]
Summary
Organic nitric esters such as nitroglycerin have been used widely in clinical and basic studies on ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [1]. The intake or metabolism of nitrate, nitrite, and NO can affect vasodilatory and contractile functions, as well as the occurrence and development of inflammation, which is closely related to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Studies have shown that nitrate, nitrite, and NO in metabolic pathways are closely related to vascular risk factors and the mechanisms of inflammation and endothelial injury [8, 9]. We discuss the involvement of nitrate metabolic pathways in different ischemic cerebrovascular disease to provide a basis for translational research for clinical application
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