Nitrate levels in Iranian potatoes and tomatoes: Application of deterministic and probabilistic approaches potential health risks

Abstract

Food chains high in nitrate can cause stomach, gullet, gallbladder, and other cancers. We evaluated the nitrate (NO3-) levels and potential health risks associated with consuming tomatoes and potatoes in three Iranian cities (Shiraz, Kerman, and Zahedan). To determine the non-carcinogenic nitrate in tomatoes and potatoes for children and adults, deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation) analyses were performed. As a result of the analysis performed on the samples, it has been revealed that Shiraz tomato samples and Kerman potato samples record the highest levels of nitrate. Still, there was no significant difference in nitrate concentration among the three study cities (P > 0.05). The findings indicate that potato samples accumulate significantly more nitrate than samples from tomatoes (P < 0.05). Nearly all tested samples showed an acceptable Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) indicates that nitrate intake is acceptable in Iranian study areas. However, according to a Monte Carlo simulation, the 95th percentile for hazard Index (HI) values in Zahedan, Kerman, and Shiraz was estimated at 0.21, 0.34, and 0.43 for children, and 0.13, 0.19, and 0.31 for adults, respectively. Also, the concentration of nitrate in tomatoes and potatoes and daily consumption were the most influential parameters in sensitivity analysis. In general, although some samples had higher concentrations of nitrate than the recommended amount, it was unlikely to pose a significant risk to consumers. However, proper monitoring during cultivation and storage is crucial.