Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction in Relation to Nitrogenase Activity in Soybean Nodules and Rhizobium japonicum Bacteroids

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max L. cv Williams) seeds were sown in pots containing a 1:1 perlite-vermiculite mixture and grown under greenhouse conditions. Nodules were initiated with a nitrate reductase expressing strain of Rhizobium japonicum, USDA 110, or with nitrate reductase nonexpressing mutants (NR(-) 108, NR(-) 303) derived from USDA 110. Nodules initiated with either type of strain were normal in appearance and demonstrated nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction). The in vivo nitrate reductase activity of N(2)-grown nodules initiated with nitrate reductase-negative mutant strains was less than 10% of the activity shown by nodules initiated with the wild-type strain. Regardless of the bacterial strain used for inoculation, the nodule cytosol and the cell-free extracts of the leaves contained both nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities. The wild-type bacteroids contained nitrate reductase but not nitrite reductase activity while the bacteroids of strains NR(-) 108 and NR(-) 303 contained neither nitrate reductase nor nitrite reductase activities.Addition of 20 millimolar KNO(3) to bacteroids of the wild-type strain caused a decrease in nitrogenase activity by more than 50%, but the nitrate reductase-negative strains were insensitive to nitrate. The nitrogenase activity of detached nodules initiated with the nitrate reductase-negative mutant strains was less affected by the KNO(3) treatment as compared to the wild-type strain; however, the results were less conclusive than those obtained with the isolated bacteroids.The addition of either KNO(3) or KNO(2) to detached nodules (wild type) suspended in a semisolid agar nutrient medium caused an inhibition of nitrogenase activity of 50% and 65% as compared to the minus N controls, and provided direct evidence for a localized effect of nitrate and nitrite at the nodule level. Addition of 0.1 millimolar sucrose stimulated nitrogenase activity in the presence or absence of nitrate or nitrite. The sucrose treatment also helped to decrease the level of nitrite accumulated within the nodules.