Abstract
Viral outbreaks of varying frequencies and severities have caused panic and havoc across the globe throughout history. Influenza, small pox, measles, and yellow fever reverberated for centuries, causing huge burden for economies. The twenty-first century witnessed the most pathogenic and contagious virus outbreaks of zoonotic origin including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Nipah virus. Nipah is considered one of the world’s deadliest viruses with the heaviest mortality rates in some instances. It is known to cause encephalitis, with cases of acute respiratory distress turning fatal. Various factors contribute to the onset and spread of the virus. All through the infected zone, various strategies to tackle and enhance the surveillance and awareness with greater emphasis on personal hygiene has been formulated. This review discusses the recent outbreaks of Nipah virus in Malaysia, Bangladesh and India, the routes of transmission, prevention and control measures employed along with possible reasons behind the outbreaks, and the precautionary measures to be ensured by private–public undertakings to contain and ensure a lower incidence in the future.
Highlights
Nipah virus (NiV), a bat borne pathogen, that causes lethal encephalitis in humans has recently been reported from Malaysia, Bangladesh, Singapore and India [1,2,3]
We describe the earlier NiV outbreak, the mode of transmission, preventive and control measures and the factors that epidemiological background of the earlier NiV outbreak, the mode of transmission, preventive and may have contributed to the outbreak
There are surveillance studies proving the presence of antibodies from otheroutbreaks nations including so farcases beenand reported in three countries: Malaysia, and India
Summary
Nipah virus (NiV), a bat borne pathogen, that causes lethal encephalitis in humans has recently been reported from Malaysia, Bangladesh, Singapore and India [1,2,3]. It is one among the emerging deadly zoonotic viruses and is included in the order Mononegavirales among other dreaded viruses such as Hendra, Ebola and Marburg [4]. The G protein mediates virus attachment and binds to the host cellular Ephrin-B2 and and -B3 receptors while the F protein induces viral-cell membrane fusion facilitating the entry of. [17,18]
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