Night-Time Light Dynamics during the Iraqi Civil War

Xi Li,Chuanqing Wu,Deren Li,Shanshan Liu,Michael Jendryke

doi:10.3390/rs10060858

Abstract

In this study, we analyzed the night-time light dynamics in Iraq over the period 2012–2017 by using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) monthly composites. The data quality of VIIRS images was improved by repairing the missing data, and the Night-time Light Ratio Indices (NLRIs), derived from urban extent map and night-time light images, were calculated for different provinces and cities. We found that when the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) attacked or occupied a region, the region lost its light rapidly, with the provinces of Al-Anbar, At-Ta’min, Ninawa, and Sala Ad-din losing 63%, 73%, 88%, and 56%, of their night-time light, respectively, between December 2013 and December 2014. Moreover, the light returned after the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) recaptured the region. In addition, we also found that the night-time light in the Kurdish Autonomous Region showed a steady decline after 2014, with the Arbil, Dihok, and As-Sulaymaniyah provinces losing 47%, 18%, and 31% of their night-time light between December 2013 and December 2016 as a result of the economic crisis in the region. The night-time light in Southern Iraq, the region controlled by Iraqi central government, has grown continuously; for example, the night-time light in Al Basrah increased by 75% between December 2013 and December 2017. Regions formerly controlled by ISIS experienced a return of night-time light during 2017 as the ISF retook almost all this territory in 2017. This indicates that as reconstruction began, electricity was re-supplied in these regions. Our analysis shows the night-time light in Iraq is directly linked to the socioeconomic dynamics of Iraq, and demonstrates that the VIIRS monthly night-time light images are an effective data source for tracking humanitarian disasters in that country.

Highlights

The Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) has brought a severe humanitarian disaster to Northern Iraq, with more than 60,000 deaths and more than three million internally displaced persons [1,2]
The light returned after the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) recaptured the region
We find that all provinces in Northern Iraq and the Kurdish Autonomous Region became darker after the war began, while all the provinces in Southern Iraq continuously became brighter

Summary

Introduction

The Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) has brought a severe humanitarian disaster to Northern Iraq, with more than 60,000 deaths and more than three million internally displaced persons [1,2]. In January 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which rapidly grew during the Syrian Civil War, seized Fallujah city in Al-Anbar Province. This operation was considered the first major success for ISIS in Iraq. ISIS occupied a number of Northern Iraqi cities and towns, including Mosul and Tikrit, by June 2014. On 29 June 2014, ISIS announced the establishment of a new caliphate, named the Islamic State (IS), with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its caliph. Over the period 2015–2016, the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF), militant groups, and Kurdish forces ( called Peshmerga) were contesting ISIS, retaking cities including Tikrit. After long fierce battles in Mosul, the Iraqi government announced victory over ISIS in July 2017, indicating the almost complete collapse of ISIS in Iraq

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Conclusion