Night sleep heart rate patterns recorded by cardioneumography at home in normal and at-risk for SIDS infants

Abstract

It has been reported that infants at higher than normal epidemiological risk for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have abnormal cardiac autonomic activity. A prospective work was performed using cardiopneumographic recordings (CPG) in order to evaluate heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) patterns in sleeping normal control infants (C) and in infants at-risk for SIDS in their normal environment at home. One hundred appropriate-for-gestational age full-term infants were studied: 28 C, 48 SIDS siblings (SS), and 24 near-miss for SIDS (NM) within the first 2 weeks following the first detected apparent life-threatening event. The three groups of infants were comparable with respect to gestational and conceptional ages, birthweights, sex distribution and socio-economic backgrounds. CPG were done over two successive nights. Records were visually analysed for sleep states (quiet: QS, and combined active + indeterminate sleep: AIS) and wakefulness (W) coding. Periods of W were not analysed. An automatic programme allowed us to study HR minute-by-minute, and to assess whether HR and HRV patterns were specific to a certain part of the night, records were divided into three periods (2200—0040 h, 0041—0320 h, and 0321—0600 h). In C and SS groups, the HR was significantly lower in the 2nd night-period than in the 1st and 3rd periods in both QS and AIS (P < 0.05). In the NM group this difference was only observed during AIS (P < 0.05). During the three night-periods the HR was significantly elevated in AIS as compared to QS (at least (P < 0.05) in all infant groups except the NM group during the 2nd night-period. During QS the HR was significantly higher in NM than in C and SS groups (P < 0.02). During AIS the HR did not differ between infant groups. HRV was significantly lower in the NM group during QS in the three night-periods (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the HR and HRV patterns between C and SS groups with respect to sleep states and night period. We concluded that following the first detected apparent life-threatening event differences in the HR and HRV patterns can be demonstrated when sleeping NM infants are compared with both C and SS infants especially during QS in different night periods studied by CPG at home.