Abstract
Plants can undergo external fluctuations in the natural light and dark cycle. The photosynthetic apparatus needs to operate in an appropriate manner to fluctuating environmental factors, especially in light. Yellow-poplar seedlings were exposed to nighttime artificial high-pressure sodium (HPS) lighting to evaluate night light-adaptation strategies for photosynthetic apparatus fitness relative to pigment contents, photosystem II photochemistry, photosynthetic parameters, histochemical analysis of reactive oxygen species, and plant biomass. As a result, seedlings exhibited dynamic changes including the enhancement of accessory pigments, the reduction of photosystem II photochemistry, increased stomatal limitation, downregulation of photosynthesis, and the decreased aboveground and belowground biomass under artificial night lighting. Histochemical analysis with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining indicates the accumulation of in situ superoxide radicals (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in leaves exposed to the lowest level of artificial night lighting compared to control. Moreover, these leaves exposed to artificial night lighting had a lower nighttime respiration rate. These results indicated that HPS lighting during the night may act as a major factor as repressors of the fitness of photosynthesis and growth patterns, via a modification of the photosynthetic light harvesting apparatus.
Highlights
It has been recently reported that light pollution is generated largely by excessive nighttime lighting
Compared to ChlT contents of control, ChlT contents in 2013 showed significant reductions in T2 and T3 by 32% and 41%, respectively, whereas there was no significant difference in T1
The parameters relative to activities of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) in plants exposed to artificial night lighting were measured using the leaves from plants treated for two years. These results indicate that the donor side activity of PSII was inhibited in yellow-poplar grown under artificial night lighting
Summary
It has been recently reported that light pollution is generated largely by excessive nighttime lighting. Nighttime light pollution generated by excessive external lighting has been demonstrated as an important environmental issue caused by adverse effects such as energy waste [1,2,3,4,5]. Despite the fundamental importance of natural darkness, nighttime artificial lighting has become a globally widespread phenomenon causing light pollution [6]. Temperature, water, CO2 , and nutrients in forests are fundamental factors controlling tree growth in forest ecosystems. Light is the main environmental factor that affects plant phenology including seed germination, dormancy breaking, blooming time, defoliation time, etc. The naturally fluctuating environments of light and dark are major resources for living organisms Light is the main environmental factor that affects plant phenology including seed germination, dormancy breaking, blooming time, defoliation time, etc. [7,8].
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