NIGHT: A compact, near-infrared, high-resolution spectrograph to survey helium in exoplanet systems

Abstract

ABSTRACT Among highly irradiated exoplanets, some have been found to undergo significant hydrodynamic expansion traced by atmospheric escape. To better understand these processes in the context of planetary evolution, we propose NIGHT (the Near-Infrared Gatherer of Helium Transits). NIGHT is a high-resolution spectrograph dedicated to surveying and temporally monitoring He i triplet absorption at 1083 nm in stellar and planetary atmospheres. In this paper, we outline our scientific objectives, requirements, and cost-efficient design. Our simulations, based on previous detections and modelling using the current exoplanet population, determine our requirements and survey targets. With a spectral resolution of 70 000 on a 2-m telescope, NIGHT can accurately resolve the helium triplet and detect 1 per cent peak absorption in 118 known exoplanets in a single transit. Additionally, it can search for 3σ temporal variations of 0.4 per cent in 66 exoplanets in-between two transits. These are conservative estimates considering the ongoing detections of transiting planets amenable to atmospheric characterization. We find that instrumental stability at 40 m s−1, less stringent than for radial velocity monitoring, is sufficient for transmission spectroscopy in He i. As such, NIGHT can utilize mostly off-the-shelf components, ensuring cost-efficiency. A fibre-fed system allows for flexibility as a visitor instrument on a variety of telescopes, making it ideal for follow-up observations after JWST or ground-based detections. Over a few years of surveying, NIGHT could offer detailed insights into the mechanisms shaping the hot Neptune desert and close-in planet population by significantly expanding the statistical sample of planets with known evaporating atmospheres. First light is expected in 2024.