Abstract
Nigella sativa (NS) has been used for centuries in various inflammatory conditions because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) in two models of acute (carrageenan-induced) and sub-acute inflammation (complete Freund’s adjuvant induced) in rats. Materials and Methods: NSO was administered orally 1, 2 and 4 mL/kg in the acute phase. For subacute phase, NSO was administered 4 mL/kg, 7 days before or after inflammation induction, or in association with diclofenac 5 mg/kg. Results: The gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis showed that NSO is an important source of bioactive compounds, especially p-cymene and thymoquinone. In the acute phase, 1.5 h after administration, NSO (2 and 4 mL/kg) determined an anti-inflammatory effect comparable with that of diclofenac. In the sub-acute administration, NSO had no anti-inflammatory effect. The analgesic effect of NSO was observed only in the sub-acute inflammation in the analgesy-meter test. NSO as treatment proved its antioxidant effect through the reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and increases in hydrogen donor capacity (DH) compared to the control group, but the effect was not as intense as that of diclofenac. Conclusion: The present study has proven inconstant anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidative properties of NSO.
Highlights
Inflammation is a primary physiological mechanism, a normal defense mechanism that aims to help the organism to fight against initial injury such as that caused by allergens, microorganisms, or mechanical or chemical injury and its consequences, including pain [1,2]
Both nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids are used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions [1]
Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and carrageenan were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
Summary
Inflammation is a primary physiological mechanism, a normal defense mechanism that aims to help the organism to fight against initial injury such as that caused by allergens, microorganisms, or mechanical or chemical injury and its consequences, including pain [1,2]. Inflammation and oxidative stress can induce each other [8], it is important to follow these tightly interconnected processes This idea represents the basis from which the antioxidants stand as potential disruptors of chronic inflammatory processes. Through their wide spectrum, inflammatory diseases are receiving an increasing interest in society throughout the world, and patients are becoming more aware on their importance and effect on their lives. Inflammatory diseases are receiving an increasing interest in society throughout the world, and patients are becoming more aware on their importance and effect on their lives Both nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids are used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions [1]. They are essential therapeutic tools, but the concerns related to long-term toxicity and adverse reactions represent strong limitations to their use
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