Abstract

Budget shortfalls force district councils in Polish big cities to change the ways they deal with the problem of less frequent and lower-quality public services. When the city council does not have money to realize some services, citizens begin to take care of their district themselves. They trim trees and shrubs, as well as sweep and clear snow from sidewalks. In addition, investment substitutes (asphalt concrete) are used, the participatory budget is treated instrumentally (as a supplement or substitute for the special-purpose reserve) and lobbying among city councillors is being intensified. District councils use the expert potential of non-governmental organizations and develop combined channels of communication between various organizational units of the city council.

Full Text
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