Nietzsche in Spain: 1890–1910

Abstract

The Nietzschean presence in Spain between 1890 and 1910 needs more ample documentation even though Nietzsche is already considered the spiritual leader of the Generation of '98. Critics have overlooked his effect on other intellectuals who were not members of the '98 group but whose attitudes constitute an important chapter in Spain's history of ideas. At least three different generations affect a given historical reality by a process of conflicting rhythms that Ortega has called “el anacronismo esencial de la historia” (En torno a Galileo). It would be useful, therefore, to isolate the intellectual background against which the Generation of '98 acted in order to see how the former differed in its position toward Nietzsche. I have tried to do this by excluding from this study members of the Generation of '98 whose positive orientation to the philosopher is known. Since periodical literature is, because of its rapid gestation, the most accurate reflection of evolving ideological positions, I have relied a good deal on such material here, although in several cases I was unable to consult complete sets (Juventud, Mercurio, Revista Blanca, Revista Ibérica, Vida y Arte). This essay is descriptive and synthetic rather than analytic. It begins with the reception given Nietzsche in Spain, tracing the extent to which he was read and discussed (I). Next is an account of the diffusion of his ideas and their influence upon young intellectuals (II). Then follow sections dealing with specific topics: critical reaction to Nietzsche's method (III), the Superman and his sociological relevance (IV), ethics and will (V), art (VI). The final section attempts to focus the Nietzschean phenomenon historically, and weighs the importance of the German's biographical image in Spain (VII).