Nicotine-related alkaloids and metabolites as inhibitors of human cytochrome P-450 2A6

Abstract

S-(−)-Nicotine and 13 of the most prevalent nicotine-related alkaloids and metabolites (i.e., S-(−)-nornicotine, myosmine, β-nicotyrine, S-cotinine, S-norcotinine, S-(−)-nicotine N-1′-oxide, S-(−)-nicotine Δ 1′–5′-iminium ion, S-(−)-anabasine, S-(−)- N-methylanabasine, anabaseine, S-(−)-anatabine, nicotelline, and 2,3′-bipyridyl) were evaluated as inhibitors of human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P-450 2A6 (CYP2A6) mediated coumarin 7-hydroxylation. Tobacco alkaloids myosmine, S-(−)-nornicotine, S-cotinine, S-norcotinine, S-(−)-nicotine N-1′-oxide, S-(−)-nicotine Δ 1′–5′-iminium ion, S-(−)- N-methylanabasine, anabaseine, and nicotelline had K i values for inhibition of coumarin 7-hydroxylation ranging from 20 μM to more than 300 μM whereas nicotine and S-(−)-anatabine were much more potent (i.e. 4.4 and 3.8 μM, respectively). The tobacco alkaloids 2,3′-bipyridyl (7.7 μM) and S-(−)-anabasine (5.4 μM), were somewhat less potent compared with S-(−)-nicotine or S-(−)-anatabine in inhibition of human CYP2A6. β-Nicotyrine, in which the N-methylpyrrolidino moiety of nicotine was replaced by the aromatic N-methylpyrrole ring, was shown to inhibit human CYP2A6 with much greater potency ( K i =0.37 μM) compared with S-(−)-nicotine. Among the compounds examined, only nicotine and β-nicotyrine were mechanism-based inhibitors of human CYP2A6. The potency of the mechanism-based CYP2A6 inhibitors suggests that, for smokers, modulation of CYP2A6 may be greater than that predicted on the basis of serum concentration of these alkaloids. Our results indicate that the prominent nicotine-related alkaloid β-nicotyrine present after smoking potently inhibits human CYP2A6.