Abstract
BackgroundThe complex mechanism of nicotine dependency makes it challenging to evaluate dependence or progress towards dependence. The aim of this study was to estimate nicotine dependence levels and identify determinants of dependence among Chinese rural-urban migrants.MethodsMulti-stage systematic sampling was used to select 4,198 rural-urban migrants aged 18 years or older from three metropolises in China. A structured questionnaire was administered during face-to-face interviews. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Mandarin Chinese Version of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (CFTND). Determinants of dependence were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).ResultsAmong 4,198 participants, estimated current, daily, and occasional smoking rates were 28.3%, 21.2%, and 7.1%, respectively. The CTFND score for the 894 daily smokers was 3.39(SD: 2.32). MANOVA showed that work type, age at first migration, length of migration, and number of cities ever lived were associated with nicotine dependence.ConclusionA migratory lifestyle is associated with nicotine dependence. Results could inform the design of tobacco control programs that target Chinese rural-urban migrant workers as a special at-risk population.
Highlights
The complex mechanism of nicotine dependency makes it challenging to evaluate dependence or progress towards dependence
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 4 million deaths worldwide annually are attributable to tobacco use, a number expected to more than double by 2030 [2]
In Stage 4, the final stage, we selected as eligible participants from each district cluster of worksite types all rural-urban migrant workers who were ages 18 years or older, held rural “hukou,”, and had resided in a destination city for at least six months
Summary
The complex mechanism of nicotine dependency makes it challenging to evaluate dependence or progress towards dependence. Tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence is a complex syndrome involving physiological, psychological, and behavioral processes [1]. The epidemic of dependence on nicotine harbors enormous adverse consequences for public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 4 million deaths worldwide annually are attributable to tobacco use, a number expected to more than double by 2030 [2]. With 20% of the world’s people population, experiences almost one million tobacco-related deaths per year [3]. This number is projected to reach 2 million annually by 2025 and 3 million by 2050. A total of 100 million Chinese will succumb to a smoking-
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