Abstract
Iron (Fe) toxicity in plants causes tissue damage and cellular homeostasis disorders, thereby affecting plant growth and development. Nicotianamine (NA) is a ubiquitous chelator of metal cations and is responsible for metal homeostasis. Rice has three NA synthase (NAS) genes, of which the expression of OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 but not of OsNAS3 is strongly induced in response to Fe deficiency. Recently, we found that OsNAS3 expression is strongly induced with excess Fe in most rice tissues, particularly old leaves, suggesting that it may play a vital role under excess Fe conditions. However, the mechanism by which OsNAS3 responds to excess Fe in rice remains poorly understood. In this study, we clarified the physiological response of OsNAS3 expression to excess Fe and the role of NA synthesis in this condition. Promoter GUS analyses revealed that OsNAS3 was widely expressed in roots, especially in vascular bundle, epidermis, exodermis, stem, and old leaf tissues under Fe excess compared to control plants. Nicotianamine and deoxymugineic acid (DMA; a type of phytosiderophore synthesized by Strategy II species) were present in roots and shoots under Fe excess likewise under control conditions. In addition, OsNAS3 knockout plants were sensitive to excess Fe, exhibiting inferior growth, reduced dry weight, severer leaf bronzing, and greater Fe accumulation in their leaves than non-transformants with excess Fe. We also observed that NA-overproducing rice was tolerant of excess Fe. These results show that NA synthesized by OsNAS3 under Fe excess condition is to mitigate excess Fe whereas NA synthesized by OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 under normal Fe condition is to enhance Fe translocation, suggesting the different roles and functions of the NA existence between these two conditions. Overall, these findings suggest that rice synthesizes NA with OsNAS3 under Fe excess in roots and shoots, and that NA and DMA within the plant body are important for mitigating excess Fe stress and alleviating other metal deficiencies in rice. This report will be important for the development of tolerant rice adapted to Fe-contaminated soils.
Highlights
Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for most living organisms and is a key determinant of crop production, yield, and quality; it can be toxic when hyperaccumulated within cells
These results suggest that NA synthesis due to OsNAS3 may be involved in the radial movement of Fe to vascular bundle cells, as well as chelating excess Fe in roots and enhancing xylem and phloem loading
This line accumulated 15 times more NA and 3 times more deoxymugineic acid (DMA) in its shoots (Masuda et al, 2009). These results suggest that increased NA and DMA biosynthesis might mitigate the damage from excess Fe in the plant
Summary
Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for most living organisms and is a key determinant of crop production, yield, and quality; it can be toxic when hyperaccumulated within cells. Iron toxicity is one of the most important stressors of rice in many lowland environments worldwide. Iron is reduced from ferric ion [Fe(III)] to more soluble ferrous ion [Fe(II)] when submerged in water. Fe toxicity occurs more readily in submerged environments with acid soils. Iron toxicity is a serious constraint on rice growth and yield in regions where rice production is high such as China and Southeast Asia, and the regions mainly characterized by acid soils such as ultisols (NRCS, 2005). Iron overload in plants leads to leaf bronzing, tissue damage, and cellular homeostasis disorders. To mitigate this problem and maintain Fe homeostasis within the plant body, plants use strict and sophisticated Fe regulation mechanisms
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