Nickel-rhenium compound sheds light on the potency of rhenium as a strengthener in high-temperature nickel alloys

Abstract

For many decades, it has been known that rhenium imparts a tremendous resistance to creep to the nickel-based high-temperature alloys colloquially known as superalloys. This effect is so pronounced that is has been dubbed ``the rhenium effect.'' Its origins are ill-understood, even though it is so critical to the performance of these high-temperature alloys. In this paper we show that the currently known phase diagram is inaccurate, and neglects a stoichiometric compound at 20 at.% Re $(\text{Ni}{}_{\mathbf{4}}\text{Re})$. The presence of this precipitate at low temperatures and the short-range ordering of Re in fcc-Ni observed at higher temperatures have important ramifications for the Ni-based superalloys. The $\text{Ni}{}_{\mathbf{4}}\text{Re}$ compound is shown to be stable by quantum mechanical high-throughput calculations at 0 K. Monte Carlo simulations show that it is thermally persistent up to $\ensuremath{\approx}930$ K when considering configurational entropy. The existence of this compound is investigated using extended x-ray absorption fine spectroscopy on a $\text{Ni}{}_{96.62}\text{Re}{}_{3.38}$ alloy.