Nickel-doped tungsten fabricated electrode for electrochemical sensing of amoxicillin

Abstract

One of the most popular antibiotics used in human medicine is amoxicillin (AML). It is frequently applied to humans and animals to avoid or treat infections caused by bacteria. However, considering its widespread application and excessive use of AML, it could harm the environment and the general world because of the hazardous potential of its pharmaceutical industry effluents. Additionally, some unpleasant compounds might be left behind due to the extensive use of these animals in food production. Hence, AML may be the root cause of several illnesses, including rashes, nausea, vomiting, and colitis linked to antibiotics, if it is present in biological fluids in sufficient quantities. Aquatic habitats where it accumulates can give rise to bacterial species that are susceptible to it. Novel electroanalytical methods with sensitive and quick examination abilities are required to identify and quantify the level of AML in drugs, biological fluids, environmental pollutants, and foods. We have developed a novel sensor that quantitatively detects AML using a modified carbon paste electrode containing nickel-doped tungsten oxide (Ni-WO3). Findings show that Ni-WO3 acts as an electrocatalyst in the oxidation of AML. AML-wide concentration showed a strong linear response from this electrocatalytic oxidation encompassing the range of 0.05 μM to 0.9 μMwith a low detection limit of 8.68 × 10−9 M. As a result, the current electrocatalytic method provides a quick, accurate, and simple method to detect AML in biological medium and pharmaceutical formulations. A sensor with excellent reproducibility, short response times, and outstanding stability has been described as the modified electrode.