Abstract
Netrin-G ligand-1 (NGL-1), encoded by Lrrc4c, is a post-synaptic adhesion molecule implicated in various brain disorders, including bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and developmental delay. Although previous studies have explored the roles of NGL-1 in the regulation of synapse development and function, the importance of NGL-1 for specific behaviors and the nature of related neural circuits in mice remain unclear. Here, we report that mice lacking NGL-1 (Lrrc4c–/–) show strong hyperactivity and anxiolytic-like behavior. They also display impaired spatial and working memory, but normal object-recognition memory and social interaction. c-Fos staining under baseline and anxiety-inducing conditions revealed suppressed baseline neuronal activity as well as limited neuronal activation in widespread brain regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), motor cortex, endopiriform nucleus, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, and dentate gyrus. Neurons in the ACC, motor cortex, and dentate gyrus exhibit distinct alterations in excitatory synaptic transmission and intrinsic neuronal excitability. These results suggest that NGL-1 is important for normal locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and learning and memory, as well as synapse properties and excitability of neurons in widespread brain regions under baseline and anxiety-inducing conditions.
Highlights
Synaptic adhesion molecules play important roles in the regulation of synapse development, neural circuits, and behaviors (Shen and Scheiffele, 2010; Siddiqui and Craig, 2011; Um and Ko, 2013; de Wit and Ghosh, 2016; Südhof, 2017, 2018; Yuzaki, 2018; Kurshan and Shen, 2019)
There were no differences in early survival or fertility of heterozygous (Lrrc4c±) mice, which were used for production of Lrrc4c−/− mice
These results collectively suggest that Netrin-G ligand-1 (NGL-1) deletion leads to distinct or opposite changes in neuronal activity under elevated plus-maze (EPM) conditions in two groups of Lrrc4c−/− brain regions; this seems to culminate in lower c-fos activity in the majority of brain regions under EPM conditions
Summary
Synaptic adhesion molecules play important roles in the regulation of synapse development, neural circuits, and behaviors (Shen and Scheiffele, 2010; Siddiqui and Craig, 2011; Um and Ko, 2013; de Wit and Ghosh, 2016; Südhof, 2017, 2018; Yuzaki, 2018; Kurshan and Shen, 2019). In line with these roles, synaptic adhesion molecules have been implicated in various brain dysfunctions, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), intellectual disability, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and addiction. It is expected that these two adhesion complexes may differentially influence distinct neural circuits and behaviors
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