Abstract
The control of immune responses is particularly critical when an increase of oxidative stress occurs, causing an impairment of immune cell response and a condition of systemic inflammation, named oxinflammation. Nutritional strategies based on the use in the diet of phytochemicals extracted from plants, rich in antioxidants, could help restore the antioxidant/oxidant balance and obtain a modulation of immune response. Lignin represents a valuable resource of phenolic compounds, which are characterized by a corroborated antioxidant effect. To date, there are no studies reporting the effects of lignin in the diet on immune responses and oxidative stress in ruminants. The objective of the present experiment was the evaluation of the dietary inclusion of Pinus taeda hydrolyzed lignin on the ex vivo immune responses and oxidative stress biomarkers by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from beef steers. In order to test the effect during oxidative stress exposition, cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The proliferation test and the viability assay were carried out on cells, whereas, on supernatants, the cytokine profile and the oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. The dietary inclusion with P. taeda hydrolyzed lignin resulted in cytoprotection after H2O2 exposition, increasing the number of viable monocytes and decreasing the reactive oxygen/nitrogen species production in supernatants. The cytokine profile indicated the modulatory role of hydrolyzed lignin on immune response, with a concomitant decrease of TNF-α and increase of IL-8 production, which are strictly connected with monocyte activation and antioxidant response pathway. These results demonstrated that hydrolyzed lignin may provide a modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in PBMCs; thus, the P. taeda hydrolyzed lignin could be suggested as an innovative phytochemical in ruminant feed.
Highlights
An inflammatory process can be originated by different stimuli that activate a physiological response with the aim of restoring homeostasis and controlling the internal constant milieu
No significant differences were registered in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the Pinus taeda hydrolized lignin (PTHL) group and the CON group (Figure 1)
In UNC and in the H2O2 treatment, the viability clearly decreased with respect to SC in both CON and PTHL groups
Summary
An inflammatory process can be originated by different stimuli that activate a physiological response with the aim of restoring homeostasis and controlling the internal constant milieu. When passing from innate to adaptive response, the interactions among phagocytic cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and regulatory T (Treg) cells are principally controlled by both intra- and extracellular redox environments [1]. The proper function of T cells is guaranteed by the equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant systems; T cells displayed a controlled immune response. The alteration or accumulation of extracellular ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can alter the immune responses that can generate a systemic inflammatory status mainly induced by oxidative stress (OS) [2]. The term “oxinflammation” has been introduced in order to explain the nexus that links chronic and systemic OS to mild chronic inflammation that negatively affects immune reactivity supporting adaptive responses and increasing the susceptibility to disease [3]
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