Abstract
New technologies for imaging and analysis of morphological characters offer opportunities to enhance revisionary taxonomy and better integrate it with the rest of biology. In this study, we revise the Afrotropical fauna of the ant genus Zasphinctus Wheeler, and use high-resolution X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) to analyse a number of morphological characters of taxonomic and biological interest. We recognise and describe three new species: Z. obamai sp. n., Z. sarowiwai sp. n., and Z. wilsoni sp. n. The species delimitations are based on the morphological examination of all physical specimens in combination with 3D scans and volume reconstructions. Based on this approach, we present a new taxonomic discrimination system for the regional fauna that consists of a combination of easily observable morphological characters visible at magnifications of around 80–100 ×, less observable characters that require higher magnifications, as well as characters made visible through virtual dissections that would otherwise require destructive treatment. Zasphinctus are rarely collected ants and the material available to us is comparatively scarce. Consequently, we explore the use of micro-CT as a non-invasive tool for the virtual examination, manipulation, and dissection of such rare material. Furthermore, we delineate the treated species by providing a diagnostic character matrix illustrated by numerous images and supplement that with additional evidence in the form of stacked montage images, 3D PDFs and 3D rotation videos of scans of major body parts and full body (in total we provide 16 stacked montage photographs, 116 images of 3D reconstructions, 15 3D rotation videos, and 13 3D PDFs). In addition to the comparative morphology analyses used for species delimitations, we also apply micro-CT data to examine certain traits, such as mouthparts, cuticle thickness, and thoracic and abdominal muscles in order to assess their taxonomic usefulness or gain insights into the natural history of the genus. The complete datasets comprising the raw micro-CT data, 3D PDFs, 3D rotation videos, still images of 3D models, and coloured montage photos have been made available online as cybertypes (Dryad, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4s3v1).
Highlights
The primary goal of taxonomic science is to organize life by developing hypotheses delimiting species and higher groups (Winston 1999; Wägele et al 2011), but a secondary goal is to generate and curate information about species that can be useful for future taxonomic work as well as the broader fields of biology (Wheeler and Valdecasas 2007)
In the following we briefly describe the open mouthparts of Z. sarowiwai based on a 3D reconstruction of segmented micro-CT data (Fig. 14 and Video 4): Labrum: distal margin conspicuously cleft medially; median area from anterior cleft to proximal articulation very thin, dividing labrum into two lobes; each lobe bulging medially; lateroventrally with two conspicuous hook-like labral arms projecting parallel to remainder of labrum; row of ten to twelve setae
The general morphology of maxillae, labium and labrum are well recovered, and they are very similar to the mouthparts of Z. steinheili that were described by Gotwald (1969)
Summary
The primary goal of taxonomic science is to organize life by developing hypotheses delimiting species and higher groups (Winston 1999; Wägele et al 2011), but a secondary goal is to generate and curate information about species that can be useful for future taxonomic work as well as the broader fields of biology (Wheeler and Valdecasas 2007). Micro-CT is a powerful imaging technology that enables the generation of highresolution, virtual, and interactive 3D reconstructions of whole specimens or parts thereof Such reconstructions can be virtually rotated, sectioned, measured, and dissected, allowing a comprehensive 3D analysis of the anatomy and morphology of the studied organisms Since its initial use for the study of insect cephalic morphology (Hörnschemeyer et al 2002), micro-CT has gradually gained popularity as a fundamental tool for a variety of research fields that rely on the exact examination of animal morphology. It has been primarily employed for comparative and functional morphology Late, micro-CT has been applied for invertebrate taxonomy
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