Abstract
The collective expansion of the color-deconfined fireball created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions maps the initial state of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) to the final-state particle spectrum. The ALICE experiment has been leading important roles for completing the individual flow harmonic measurements at the highest energies to date as well as improving flow harmonic correlation techniques to understand the properties of the QGP and the full evolution of the heavy-ion collisions. In this article, a brief summary of the individual flow harmonic measurements, the details of the new observables developed in recent years from ALICE collaboration and their implications to future studies are discussed.
Highlights
The main emphasis of the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is to study deconfined phase of the strongly interacting nuclear matter, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP)
The ALICE experiment has been leading important roles for completing the individual flow harmonic measurements at the highest energies to date as well as improving flow harmonic correlation techniques to understand the properties of the QGP and the full evolution of the heavy-ion collisions
We show the multiparticle observables, the Symmetric 2-harmonic 4-particle Cumulants (SC), which quantify the relationship between event-by-event fluctuations of two different flow harmonics [28]
Summary
The main emphasis of the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is to study deconfined phase of the strongly interacting nuclear matter, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) This matter exhibits strong collective and anisotropic flow in the plane transverse to the beam direction, which is driven by the anisotropic pressure gradients, resulting in more particles emitted in the direction of the largest gradients. This has been predicted by calculations utilizing viscous hydrodynamics [4,5,6,7,8,9] These calculations demonstrated that the shear viscosity to the entropy density ratio (η/s) of QGP is close to a universal lower bound 1/4π [10] in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. Few selected results from recently published papers from the ALICE experiment are discussed on the emphasis of extracting η/s
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