Abstract
The most obvious response from the operators has been to move to more advanced versions of the 3G standards, and to start planning the shift to 4G standards. According to GSMA, the industry association, 380 operators in 155 countries now run HSPA networks, 103 HSPA+ networks have been launched, and there are 128 commitments to build LTE networks from operators in 52 countries, with a further 52 trials under way. But there are teething problems, including coverage, roaming, and support for voice. Some of the high-frequency bands used for LTE, such as 2.6GHz, don't penetrate buildings well. Handsets will be complex. The way the LTE network supports voice is also evolving. Early efforts to set a standard failed, only to be replaced by a second effort which calls for the use of IMS the IP Multimedia Subsystem. Some operators regard this as too expensive and so are handling voice calls outside the LTE system.
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