Newly Approved Novel Dosage Forms of Glucagon for Management of Severe Hypoglycemia.

Abstract

The prevalence and clinical impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to increase in the United States and throughout the world. Older adults are at increased risk for adverse outcomes associated with hypoglycemia, particularly in situations where a lack of awareness may arise because typical symptoms are not necessarily present, serve to prompt medical intervention with oral glucose. Glucagon emergency kits that have been available to date require multiple-step reconstitution that may compromise timely and appropriate administration of lifesaving glucagon treatment during episodes of severe hypoglycemia. In settings such as long-term care facilities, trained medical professionals may not be readily available, meaning that glucagon must be administered by laypersons. Novel dosage forms of glucagon that have recently been approved for marketing in the United States allow glucagon to be delivered more easily, which may positively impact effective treatment of severe hypoglycemia among older people. Nasal glucagon and glucagon autoinjection "pens" are as effective as glucagon kits and increase the likelihood glucagon will be appropriately used by patient caregivers. The safety, efficacy, and convenience of these new devices may improve outcomes and reduce health care costs of older people with diabetes.