Abstract
Neuromodulation is a promising therapeutic approach for psychiatric disorders, offering alternatives to traditional treatments. This update focuses on newer techniques developed till 2023. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) remains widely used for depression and mood disorders. Advances in TMS technology have optimized stimulation parameters and personalized treatment plans using neuroimaging and AI algorithms. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has made progress in refining targeting and programming, aided by advanced imaging techniques. Closed-loop DBS adjusts parameters based on real-time feedback, providing on-demand symptom control. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has shown efficacy in depression and epilepsy, with advancements in precise stimulation protocols and closed-loop devices. Emerging techniques like tDCS, TENS, and focused ultrasound offer portability and minimal side effects. Ongoing research aims to refine parameters and explore new targets. These advancements hold promise for improving treatment outcomes and personalized care. Further research and clinical trials are necessary for widespread implementation.
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