Abstract
The fusion (F) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are multifunctional proteins that play critical roles during infection. Here, we assessed the ability of NDV to replicate in macrophages and investigated the contribution of the F and HN proteins to NDV infection/replication in these cells. Results of our study revealed that, while presenting similar replication kinetics in a fibroblast cell line (DF1) or in primary non-adherent splenocytes, the NDV strain CA02 replicates better in macrophages (HD11 and primary adherent splenocytes) than the NDV strain Anhinga/93. Notably, exchange of the HN or both F and HN genes of NDV Anhinga/93 by the corresponding genes from NDV CA02 markedly improved the ability of the chimeric viruses to replicate in macrophages. These results indicate that the F and HN proteins are determinants of NDV macrophage host range. This represents the first description of productive NDV infection in macrophages.
Highlights
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an enveloped negative sense ssRNA virus of the genus Avulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae (Alexander & Senne, 2008)
The ability of velogenic and mesogenic NDV strains to replicate in chicken macrophages was investigated in vitro
Replication characteristics of velogenic NDV strains CA02, ZJ1 and Peru/08 and mesogenic NDV strains Anhinga/93, Nevada/05 and TX4156 were assessed by multi-step growth curves in chicken fibroblast (DF1) and macrophage (HD11) cell lines (Diel et al, 2012; Liu et al, 2007; Wakamatsu et al, 2006; Estevez et al, 2007; Susta et al, 2011)
Summary
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an enveloped negative sense ssRNA virus of the genus Avulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae (Alexander & Senne, 2008). The NDV genome is ~15.2 kb in length and contains genes encoding at least seven proteins, including the nucleoprotein (NP), the phosphoprotein (P), the matrix protein (M), the fusion protein (F), the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (L), and the V protein (Alexander & Senne, 2008). Infection of host cells by NDV is mediated by two surface glycoproteins, the attachment (HN) protein and the fusion (F) protein (Chang & Dutch, 2012). The HN protein mediates virus attachment to sialic acid-containing receptors in the cell surface, functions as a neuraminidase by removing sialic acid molecules from progeny virions to prevent self-aggregation during budding, and promotes the fusion activity of the F protein. The F protein, on the other hand, directs the membrane fusion between the virus
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