Abstract
Abstract Background: Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MCAD) Deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid oxidation, with potential fatal outcome. MCAD deficiency is diagnosed by acylcarnitine analysis on newborn screening blood spot cards by tandem mass spectrometry. Early diagnosis of MCAD and presymptomatic treatment can potentially reduce morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To evaluate incidence, clinical outcome, biochemical and molecular phenotype of MCAD cases detected in the first three years of newborn screening in British Columbia (BC). Methods and Results: Medium chain length acylcarnitines, octanoylcarnitine (C8) and decanoylcarnitine (C10), were measured on newborn screening blood spot cards. Out of 121,000 live births, 17 newborns had C8 values above the screening cut-off of 0.38 umol/L. Ten newborns had elevated C8 on repeat cards and were investigated further. Both C8 and C8/C10 ratios remained abnormal in all confirmed MCAD cases. Positive predictive value of screening was 58% with no false negative results. Seven patients were homozygous for the common c.985A>G MCAD mutation and three others were compound heterozygous for the c.985A>G and a second mutation. Two novel mutations were identified (c.260T>C and c.382T>A). The estimated incidence of MCAD was ~1:12,000 live births. Upon frequent feeding and carnitine supplementation, none of the patients had metabolic crises or adverse outcomes. Conclusion: Frequency of MCAD in BC is comparable to reports from other newborn screening programs. Persistence of elevated C8 levels and C8/C10 ratios in confirmed MCAD cases suggest that these are sensitive markers for newborn screening. Early detection and treatment have successfully prevented adverse health outcomes in patients with MCAD. Key words: Neonatal screening; fatty acid oxidation complex; Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; medium chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; sudden infant death Resume Contexte : Le deficit en acyl-coenzyme A deshydrogenase (DACAD) des acides gras a chaine moyenne est un trouble autosomique recessif d’oxydation des acides gras qui peut etre mortel. Ce deficit est diagnostique par spectrometrie de masse en tandem des acylcarnitines dans le sang du nouveau-ne (une tache de sang est recueillie sur une fiche en papier). Il est possible que le diagnostic precoce et le traitement avant l’apparition des symptomes reduisent la morbidite et la mortalite liees au DACAD. Objectifs : Evaluer l’incidence, les resultats cliniques et les phenotypes biochimiques et moleculaires des cas de DACAD deceles au cours des trois premieres annees du programme de depistage des nouveau-nes en Colombie-Britannique (C. B.). Methode et resultats : Deux acylcarnitines a chaine moyenne, l’octanoylcarnitine (C8) et le decanoylcarnitine (C10), ont ete mesures sur les fiches de taches de sang des nouveau-nes. Sur 121 000 naissances vivantes, 17 nouveau-nes affichaient des valeurs superieures au seuil de de pistage de 0,38 umol/L pour le C8. Dix nouveau-nes avaient un C8 eleve sur plusieurs fiches de suite et ont fait l’objet d’examens plus pousses. Le niveau de C8 et le ratio C8/C10 demeuraient anormaux dans tous les cas confirmes de DACAD. La valeur predictive positive du depistage etait de 58 %, sans resultat faussement negatif. Sept patients etaient homozygotes pour la mutation commune c.985A>G du DACAD et trois autres etaient heterozygotes composites pour la mutation c.985A>G et pour une deuxieme mutation. Deux nouvelles mutations ont ete reperees (c.260T>C et c.382T>A). L’incidence estimative du DACAD etait de ~1:12 000 naissances vivantes. Avec une alimentation frequente et une supplementation en carnitine, aucun patient n’a subi de crise metabolique ni de resultat defavorable. Conclusion : La frequence du DACAD en C.-B. est comparable a celle d’autres programmes de depistage des nouveau-nes. La persistance d’un C8 et d’un ratio C8/C10 eleves dans les cas confirmes de DACAD donne a penser que ce sont des indicateurs sensibles pour le depistage des nouveau-nes. Le depistage et le traitement precoces ont reussi a prevenir des resultats cliniques defavorables chez les patients atteints de DACAD. Mots cles : depistage neonatal; trouble d’oxydation des acides gras; acyl-CoA deshydrogenase; acyl-CoA deshydrogenase a chaine moyenne; mort subite du nourrisson
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