Abstract
In this study, a green ionic-liquid based vortex-synchronized matrix solid-phase dispersion (VS-MSPD) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed as a quantitative determination method for four anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen. Two conventional adsorbents, C18 and silica gel were investigated. The strategy included two steps: Extraction and determination. Wasted crab shells were used as an alternative adsorbent and ionic liquid was used as an alternative solvent in the first step. Factors affecting extraction efficiency were optimized: A sample/adsorbent ratio of 2:1, a grinding time of 3 min, a vortex time of 3 min, and ionic liquid ([Domim]HSO4, 250 mM) was used as eluent in the VS-MSPD procedure. As a result, the established method provided satisfactory linearity (R > 0.999), good accuracy and high reproducibility (RSD < 4.60%), and it exhibited the advantages of smaller sample amounts, shorter extraction time, less volume of elution solvent, and was much more environmental-friendly when compared with other conventional methods.
Highlights
As seafood consumption has increased, shellfish cultivation has emerged as an expanding economic activity in the world, accounting for more than 40% of all marine aquaculture production [1].Crab, is one of the top ten highest consumed sea food products and continues to compete well against other seafood proteins
Crab shell powder (CSP) of marine waste was used for biofungicide production about ten years ago [4,5]
The size of CSP was less than 80 μm, which agreed with the size of a standard sieve with 200 mesh
Summary
Crab, is one of the top ten highest consumed sea food products and continues to compete well against other seafood proteins. Only a small portion (20–30%) of the weight of crab has been consumed as food on tables, the rest is generally considered to be garbage and is discarded at will [2]. Crab shell powder (CSP) of marine waste was used for biofungicide production about ten years ago [4,5]. A good way of recycling wasted crab shells is its application in the removal of pollutants as an adsorbent [1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. It has been reported that crab shells consist of chitin (or chitosan), calcium carbonate along with some proteins. Chitosan, possessing available amino groups on its polymeric chain, shows high metal binding capability and has been used for the adsorption of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Au, Se, V, Eu, Co, Ce) [6,7,8,9,10,11,12], As(V) [14], and other
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