Abstract
The ever-growing interest in the cross-coupling reaction and its applications has increased exponentially in the last decade, owing to its efficiency and effectiveness. Transition metal-mediated cross-couplings reactions, such as Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira, Heck, and others, are powerful tools for carbon–carbon bond formations and have become truly fundamental routes in catalysis, among other fields. Various greener strategies have emerged in recent years, given the widespread popularity of these important reactions. The present review comprises literature from 2015 onward covering the implementation of unconventional methodologies in carbon–carbon (C–C) cross-coupling reactions that embodies a variety of strategies, from the use of alternative energy sources to solvent- free and green media protocols.
Highlights
Cross-coupling reactions have attracted and inspired researchers in the academia and industry for decades, given its significance as a synthetic tool in modern organic synthesis
The prepared halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) nanomaterial showed a good catalytic prepared HNT-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) nanomaterial showed a good catalytic activity towards the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of phenylboronic acid and several aryl halides activity towards the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of phenylboronic acid and several aryl halides under MW irradiation in aqueous media and low catalyst loading (0.016 mol%), reaching turnover under MW irradiation in aqueous media and low catalyst loading (0.016 mol%), reaching turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs) up to 6250 and 37,500 h−1−1, respectively (Table 1)
Panahi and colleagues reported the synthesis of a Pd nanomaterial based on a Cu-metal-organic framework (MOF), Pd@Cu-MOF, as an effective catalyst for a Suzuki–Myaura C-C cross-coupling under ultrasonic irradiation [38]
Summary
Cross-coupling reactions have attracted and inspired researchers in the academia and industry for decades, given its significance as a synthetic tool in modern organic synthesis. The use of eco-friendly media or solvent-free protocols is preferred over common organic solvents to obtain the maximum conversion in an eco-friendly manner [11,12,13]. Other issues such as efficient separation and subsequent recycling of the catalyst have been effectively solved, mostly by heterogeneous catalytic systems, many of them involving metallic nanoparticles [14,15], and, by the development of magnetic-supported catalysts [16,17,18]. The synthesis of novel heterogeneous catalysts is not analyzed separately
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