Abstract
The effect of acoustic pulse technology (APT) on recovery, culling, milk yield, and economic benefits for 118 cows with subclinical mastitis was compared with a no-treatment control (59 vs. 59), and another 118 APT-treated cows with clinical mastitis were compared with antibiotic-treated controls (59 vs. 59). Recovery was defined as a decrease in somatic cell count (SCC) to <250 × 103 cells/mL in at least two out of three monthly milk recordings after treatments. For the subclinically infected cows, APT treatment resulted in 65.5% recovery, 0% culling, and additional milk yield of 2.74 L/cow per day compared to 35.6% recovery and 5.1% culling in the no-treatment controls. For the clinically infected cows, APT treatment resulted in 67.8% recovery, 6.8% culling, and additional milk yield of 3.9 L/cow per day compared to 35.6% recovery and 32.2% culling in the antibiotic-treated group. Bacteriological analysis was run for 95 (80%) cows with clinical mastitis (APT-46; AB-49). For cows with Escherichia coli infection, 85.7% (18/21) treated with APT recovered vs. 17.6% (3/17) in the antibiotic-treated group; for cows with streptococcal infection, 66.0% (12/18) in the APT-treated group recovered vs. 44.4% (8/18) in the antibiotic-treated group.
Highlights
Acoustic pulse therapy (APT), referred to as low-intensity shockwave (SW)treatment, affects cells by mechanotransduction, which constructively influences and promotes recovery [1] by converting the mechanical stimulus into biochemical responses in different cell types, such as migration, proliferation, differentiation of important cellular functions, and apoptosis [2,3]
Local homeostasis and positive regulation of cell vitality promote conditions for tissue self-healing and the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines [4], induction of neovascularization and matrix remodeling [5,6,7], and production of angiogenesis-related growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. This results in new vessel growth with improved blood supply [8], increased cell proliferation, accelerated tissue regeneration, upregulated healing expression of transforming growth factor α-1 and production of NO, and suppression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-kB) and proinflammatory cytokine production [7,9]
Cows with subclinical mastitis were paired and divided (n = 59 × 2) for acoustic pulse technology (APT) or NT. Such that there were no significant differences between the groups in lactation number, DIM, milk yield (MY), or log somatic cell count (SCC) on the day of treatment (0) (Table 1)
Summary
Treatment, affects cells by mechanotransduction, which constructively influences and promotes recovery [1] by converting the mechanical stimulus into biochemical responses in different cell types, such as migration, proliferation, differentiation of important cellular functions, and apoptosis [2,3]. Dairy 2021, 2 epithelial cells through pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors [14,15], which activates nuclear factors such as NF-κB and the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α, triggers immediate immune and inflammatory responses in which the endothelial–mammary barriers are open, allowing for the crucial cellular and humoral infiltration from blood to milk [15,16,17] During this cytokine storming, polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages combat the pathogen, and vast obliteration of mammary tissues or limited areas of deep damage can occur in the gland regardless of bacterial clearance [17,18]. Ing the cow’s udder tissues. (B): Acoustic Pulse Technology (APT)—X device in use at the milking parlor
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