Abstract
Abstract Titanium-in-quartz thermometry and diffusion chronometry are routinely applied to felsic magmatic systems. These techniques can be used to determine for how long, and at what temperatures, shallow crustal magmatic systems remain partially molten, both of which are fundamental for assessing volcanic hazards. We have conducted new Ti-in-quartz diffusion experiments at 1 bar, in air, between 900 and 1490 °C, and analyzed the products by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling. The results show that Ti diffusivity is two to three orders of magnitude lower than previously determined {log10D = –8.3 ± 0.4 m2 s–1 – [311 ± 12 kJ mol–1/(2.303RT)]}, where R is the universal gas constant (kJK–1 mol–1) and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Application of these new diffusivities brings time scales determined by Ti-in-quartz diffusion chronometry, using quartz primarily from ignimbrites, into agreement with those determined from zircon U-Pb ages from the Bishop Tuff system (California, USA). This indicates that quartz crystallized early and recorded all, or much of, the thermal history of this magmatic system. These new data also show that sharp Ti zoning profiles can be maintained in quartz within slowly cooled rocks without necessitating that the quartz crystallization temperature is significantly lower than the experimentally determined H2O-saturated granite solidus, or that such samples underwent ultrafast cooling, as has recently been proposed for the granitoids from the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (California, USA). Finally, our data also indicate that, at least regarding the Bishop Tuff, temperatures must have remained at near-solidus conditions for the entire pre-eruptive evolution of the system, thus relaxing interpretations of “cold storage” for this magmatic system.
Highlights
Understanding the processes forming large silicic volcanic eruptions is crucial for assessing their potential societal and environmental impacts
Measured titanium (Ti) contents of quartz in volcanic and plutonic rocks are routinely used for determining crystallization temperatures, and Ti concentration profiles, typically interpreted as partially resulting from diffusion, have been employed to determine time scales between quartz growth and eruption (e.g., Wark et al, 2007; Gualda et al, 2012; Chamberlain et al, 2014)
Similar Ti diffusion-based techniques have been applied to a wide range of problems in the geosciences, such as to resolve time scales of metamorphic events (Spear et al, 2012), times necessary to form porphyry ore deposits (Mercer et al, 2015), and recently for reexamining quartz crystallization temperatures (Ackerson et al, 2018)
Summary
Understanding the processes forming large silicic volcanic eruptions is crucial for assessing their potential societal and environmental impacts. Fitting the measured diffusion coefficients to the general Arrhenius relationship gives log10D = –8.3 ± 0.4 m2 s–1 – [311 ± 12 kJ mol–1/(2.303RT)], where R is the universal gas constant (kJK–1 mol–1) and T is the temperature in Kelvin. These Ti diffusivities are two to three orders of magnitude lower than those determined by Cherniak et al (2007) within our experimental temperature range (Fig. 1).
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